Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Management 340
Final Exam
83
Management
Not Applicable
05/14/2010

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
FORMAL POWER
Definition
aka AUTHORITY, or holding a position of power
Term
INFORMAL POWER
Definition
Exerting influence without holding a formal position
Term
LEGITIMATE POWER
Definition
Being perceived by others as appropriate to use, or in use of, power
Term
ILLEGITIMATE POWER
Definition
Term
POWER
Definition
The capacity to influence others
Term
COUNTERPOWER
Definition
The capacity of a subordinate to exert power in response to another authority's power Ex:Think of sick-outs, joining unions, not putting out 100%, student evaluations (for non-tenured faculty member)
Term
AUTHORITY
Definition
Term
SOURCES OF POWER
Definition
Reward Power: Control allocation of rewards
Coercive Power: Ability to apply punishment
Expert Power: One’s knowledge or expertise
Referent Power: Others identify with person, i.e., CHARISMA, where others identify with person’s individual attributes and follow
Information as Power: By controlling the info others have access to, deny them influence
Term
CONTINGENCIES OF POWER
Definition
What Exerting Power Depends On
Term
EXAMPLES OF CONTINGENCIES OF POWER
Definition
Substitutability: Extent that alternative exists
Centrality: # people your actions influence
Discretion: Freedom to exercise judgment and make decisions on one’s own
Visibility: How visible (or top of mind) one is to others, especially decision-makers
Networking: Cultivating networks of people
Mentoring: Learning from others more senior who provide role models and assist in career
Term
MENTORING
Definition
Learning from others more senior who provide role models and assist in career
Term
NETWORKING
Definition
Cultivating networks of people
Term
INFLUENCE
Definition
Capacity to affect another’s attitudes/behavior
Term
TYPES OF INFLUENCE TACTICS
Definition
Upward Appeal (Gaining support from higher authority)
Ingratiation (Kissing Up)
Impression Management (Shaping Public Image)
Persuasion (Using logic/facts to convince)
Inoculation Effect (Warning/persuading others about something before it occurs or another gets to them)
Forming Coalition (Group of people who pool their power & resources to gain greater influence via their numbers)
Term
COALITION
Definition
Group of people who pool their power & resources to gain greater influence via their numbers
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS
Definition
Behaving in such a manner to maximize getting one’s own way, rather than for the greatest good of others or the organization, i.e., acting for personal gain or ego reasons
Term
MACHIAVELIAN VALUES
Definition
The belief that deceit is a natural and/or acceptable way of influencing others or getting one’s own way
Term
CONFLICT
Definition
Conflict traditionally perceived as harmful and to be avoided
Term
CONFLICT PROCESS
Definition
is where one perceives his/ her interests are being threatened/challenged by others
Term
CONSTRUCTIVE/FUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
Definition
Conflict that helps people/group make better decisions/involves content and goals of work
Term
SOCIOEMOTIONAL CONFLICT
Definition
Conflict that is personal in nature vs. focused on task or issue being resolved
Term
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Definition
Interventions aimed at resolving conflict between parties in ways that maximize the positive benefits of conflicts, e.g., better future decisions, and/or improved working or social relationships
Term
SOURCES OF CONFLICT
Definition
Incompatible goals
Differentiation
Task interdependence
Scarce resources
Ambiguity and/or ambiguous rules
Communication problems
Term
STRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Definition
Emphasize superordinate goals that all in group can support
Reduce differentiation between parties
Improve communication & understanding
Reduce task interdependence
Increase resources
Clarify rules and procedures
These work to minimize dysfunctional conflict
Term
MINIMIZE DYSFUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
Definition
see approaches to conflict management
Term
BARGAINING ZONE OF NEGOTIATIONS
Definition
The area of agreement/potential agreement that overlaps the divergent goals of each party
Term
NEGOTIATION
Definition
Attempting to resolve conflict or issues through redefining the terms of their interdependence or relationship
Term
THIRD PARTY CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Definition
Attempts by neutral party to resolve conflict
Term
ARBITRATION
Definition
Process where third party has high control over the final decision but low control over the resolution process (how the conflict gets decided)
Term
MEDIATION
Definition
Process where a third party has high control over the intervention + resolution process (using tools like reasoning, persuasion, alternative solutions), but parties make final decision that resolves the conflict
Term
LEADERSHIP
Definition
Influencing others to change behavior
Term
COMPETENCY PERSPECTIVE
Definition
Leaders share certain
competencies or attributes
Term
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
Definition
Leadership behaviors cluster
around task and people oriented actions
Term
CONTINGENCY PERSPECTIVE
Definition
Leadership style is contingent or
dependent upon the situation (directive, participative, laissez-faire)
Term
SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY
Definition
Effective leaders vary their styles based on “readiness” of followers
Term
FIEDLER’S CONTINGENCY MODEL
Definition
Leader’s effectiveness depends on fit b/t person’s natural style matched to situation
Term
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Definition
Transforming organization through setting direction (creating vision), aligning people around vision (communication) and inspiring them to have energy to overcome obstacles
Term
EXAMPLES OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERS
Definition
include Jack Welch, Steven Jobs, Nelson Mandela, Presidents Obama and Reagan
Term
CHARISMA
Definition
is desirable but not necessary
for peak leadership performance
Term
TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP
Definition
Improving effectiveness and efficiency of an organization by improved systems, management and links between rewards and performance
Term
MANAGEMENT
Definition
is about ORDER
about maintaining an environment
of predictability, stability & safety
Term
LEADERSHIP
Definition
is about CHANGE
about creating an environment that allows individuals to flourish, use their talents, make a difference and overcome obstacles to success
Term
MANAGEMENT VS. LEADERSHIP RESULTS
Definition
Management Skills =
Orderly results through plans,
budgets,organizing, staffing,
control & problem-solving
Leadership Skills =
Inspirational results via setting
direction, aligning others around
direction + motivating/inspiring
Term
EXAMPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Definition
Service Reliability
Financial & Expense Targets
Reward & Recognition
Customer Service Scripting
Information Systems
Productivity Targets
Quality
Performance Management
Term
EXAMPLES OF LEADERSHIP
Definition
Culture and Values
Mission and Vision
Commitment & Retention
Team Spirit and Support
Trust of Leadership
Joy, Fun, Meaning, Caring
Engagement
Great Place to Work
Term
LEADING THROUGH UBUNTU VALUES
Definition
UBUNTU: a collection of values woven into African culture representing harmony, compassion, respect, dignity and collective unity
Ubuntu symbolizes a highly participative leadership process where decisions made through consensus
Model is leader as coach, facilitator and mediator to move group toward consensus
Leader’s role is to support followers, rather than other way around; antithesis of the ego-driven leader
More western businesses embracing Ubuntu values
Term
VISION
Definition
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Definition
Division of labor and patterns of coordination and communication that direct organizational activities
Term
DIVISION OF LABOR
Definition
Dividing work into separate jobs that are assigned to different people
Term
COORDINATING MECHANISMS
Definition
Communication
Formal power in hierarchy
Standardization -- Creating routine patterns
Term
STANDARDIZATION
Definition
Creating routine patterns
Term
SPAN OF CONTROL
Definition
Number of people directly
reporting to you
Term
CENTRALIZATION
Definition
Extent that formal decisions
controlled by small number of people at top
Term
DECENTRALIZATION
Definition
Term
FORMALIZATION
Definition
Extent that organizations
standardize behavior through rules/procedures
Term
MECHANISTIC ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Definition
Narrow span of control, high formalization + centralization
Term
ORGANIC ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Definition
Wide span of control, little formalization + decentralized decision making
Term
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
Definition
Organizes around
employee knowledge/expertise/function
Term
MATRIX STRUCTURE
Definition
Under direction of two or
more bosses (can increase confusion)
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY
Definition
How organizations compete in marketplace

CORE COMPETENCY: Specific area(s) & talents that provide organizations with competitive advantage

STRATEGIC CHOICE: The particular ways that organizations strive to compete e.g., low price leader, differentiation (uniqueness) or serve specific niche
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Definition
Design for Organizational Living
Pattern of shared values and assumptions that guide/influence the way that employees think and act
“The way things are done around here”
Term
ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Definition
ARTIFACTS: Observable signs and symbols
RITUALS: Programmed daily routines
CEREMONIES: Planned, dramatic displays
LANGUAGE: Jargon--special meaning, acronyms
PHYSICAL STRUCTURES & SYMBOLS:
Type of building, headquarters (Oakley),
frugality vs. ostentatiousness in offices
Term
ARTIFACTS
Definition
Observable signs and symbols
Term
CULTURE + PERFORMANCE
Definition
Potentially strong relationship since a positive, strong culture is desirable, attracts better people, controls behavior and serves to bond people together by connecting to and sharing common culture
If strong culture is misaligned with current market challenges, then it can have adverse effect, since difficult to change
Term
RITUALS
Definition
Programmed daily routines
Term
CEREMONIES
Definition
Planned, dramatic displays
Term
PHYSICAL STRUCTURES & SYMBOLS
Definition
Type of building, headquarters (Oakley),
frugality vs. ostentatiousness in offices
Term
LANGUAGE
Definition
Jargon--special meaning, acronyms
Term
STRATEGIES FOR MERGING ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES
Definition
ASSIMILATION: Acquired company adapts to/embraces/firm’s culture (hospital merger)
DECULTURATION: Firm imposes culture on unwilling company (hostile takeover)
INTEGRATION: Combining two cultures into a new culture (Robinson’s-May)
SEPARATION: Merging companies remain fairly distinct in culture (GM, Saab)
Term
STRENGTHENING CULTURE
Definition
Actions of founders + leaders
Develop rewards consistent with culture
Align artifacts (Gerstner wearing blue shirt on first day at IBM)
Recruit, retain and socialize employees
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION
Definition
The process by which employees learn the culture, norms and values of organizations through
Term
SOCIALIZATION AGENTS
Definition
people and institutions within the organization who educate and train newcomers
Term
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Definition
Model of analyzing change by comparing the forces that drive and resist change
Term
RESTRAINING FORCES
Definition
Forces that resist change
Term
STAGES OF THE CHANGE PROCESS
Definition
Stages of the change process: UNFREEZE, MOVE, REFREEZE
Term
DEALING WITH RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
Definition
Deal with Resistance through: communication, education, employee involvement; if that doesn’t work, may need to use coercion and discipline
Resistance to change is not inevitable
Term
CHANGE AGENT
Definition
One with sufficient knowledge and authority to lead and/or facilitate change effort
Term
PROCESS CONSULTATION
Definition
A change process that analyzes/seeks to change the culture and practices used in organizations by having insiders develop reasons and strategies for change themselves
Term
ACTION RESEARCH
Definition
Using data and experiential learning to solve actual organizational problems (i.e., diagnose issue, develop alternative solutions to issue, introduce solution, evaluate change)
Term
STEPS IN TRANSFORING ORGANIZATIONS
Definition
Create a sense of urgency
Form a powerful guiding coalition
Develop vision + strategy (engaging, simple, easily communicated; originality unimportant)
Over-communicate by a factor of 10
Empower broad-based actions
Plan for + create short-term wins
Anchor new approaches in culture (change needs to be supported by new standards, values, rewards and practices)
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE THROUGH COMMUNICATION
Definition
Over-communicate
Repetition
Say same basic message in different ways
Use formal + informal communication practices
Organizational stories
Showmanship
Lead by example
Term
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE THROUGH CULTURAL CHANGE
Definition
Support Change Through New or Revised

Vision
Mission
Standards/norms/expectations
Values
Organizational rituals and ceremonies
Reward and recognition practices
Term
PERSONAL CHANGE STRATEGIES
Definition
UNDERSTAND YOURSELF
WRITE A MISSION STATEMENT
DO A SELF-ASSESSMENT
UNDERSTAND TALENTS
SET GOALS FOR CAREER AND LIFE
USE NETWORKS + MENTORS
BE HONEST WITH YOURSELF
USE PROCESS OF REFLECTION
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