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Management 240
Chapter 14
36
Management
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2008

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Term
motivation
Definition
psychological state that exists whenever internal and/or external forces stimulate, direct, or maintain behaviors
Term
managerial approach
Definition
understanding motivation focuses on how behaviors of managers influence the satisfaction and motivation of their employees
Term
job design approach
Definition

emphasizes the design of jobs

- enriched jobs are more motivating than jobs that are narrow in scope 

Term
satisfaction
Definition
a psychological state that indicates how people feel about their situation, based on their evaluation of the situation
Term
organization approach
Definition
human resource manageent policies and practices are generally an important aspect of the organizational context
Term
individual differences approach
Definition
treats motivation and satisfaction as characteristics of individuals
Term
goal setting theory
Definition
states that managers can direct the performance of their employees by assigning specific, difficult goals that employees accept and are willing to commit to
Term

specific

measurable

achievable

realistic

time bounded 

Definition
SMART GOALS
Term
intrinsically motivated
Definition
motivation from inside the person
Term
extrinsically motivated
Definition
no longer for fun or love but work now that there is a reward
Term
management by objectives (MBO)
Definition
a participative goal-setting technique
Term
reinforcement theory
Definition
behavior is a function of its consequences
Term
behavior modification
Definition
using the principles of reinforcement theory to modify employee behaviors (actions)
Term
extinction
Definition
the absence of any consequence - either positive reinforcement or punishment - following the occurance of a behavior
Term
expectancy theory
Definition
people tend to choose behaviors that they believe will help them achieve their personal goals (i.e. promotion or job security) and avoid behaviors that they believe will lead to undesirable personal consequences (demotion or criticism)
Term
expectancy
Definition
person's estimate of how likely a certain level of effort will lead to the intended behavior or performance result
Term
instrumentality
Definition
a person's perception of how useful the intended behavior or performance is for obtaining desired outcomes (or avoiding undesired outcomes)
Term
valence
Definition
the value (weight) that an employee attaches to a consequence
Term
key job characteristics
Definition
objective aspects of the job design that can be changed to improve the critical psychological states
Term
skill variety
Definition
degree to which the job involves many different work activities or requires several skills and talents
Term
task identity
Definition
the job involves completing an identifiable piece of work, that is, doing a job with a clear beginning and outcome
Term
task significance
Definition
the job has a substantial impact on the goals or work of others in the company
Term
autonomy
Definition
the job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying out tasks
Term
feedback
Definition
the outcome provides direct and clear information to employees about their performance
Term
growth need strength
Definition
the degree of desire for personal challenge, accomplishment, and learning
Term
two-factor theory
Definition
two separate and distinct aspects of the work context are responsible for motivating and satisfying employees
Term
Frederick Herzberg
Definition
invented the two-factor theory
Term
hygiene factors
Definition
the non-task characteristics of the work environment - the organizational context - that create dissatisfaction
Term
motivator factors
Definition
aspects of the organizational context that create positive feelings among employees
Term
physiological needs
Definition
food, clothing, and shelter, which people try to satisfy before all others (most basic level)
Term
security needs
Definition
desire for safety and stability, and the absence of pain, threat, illness
Term
affiliation needs
Definition
desire for friendship, love, and belonging
Term
esteem needs
Definition
desire for self-respect, a sense of personal achievement, and the recognition from others
Term
self-actualization needs
Definition
desire for personal growth, self-fulfillment, and the realization of the individual's full potential (top need priority)
Term
satisfaction progression hypothesis
Definition

a need motivates until it becomes satisfied

 

until basic needs are satisfied, people won't be concerned with higher level needs  

Term
frustration-regression hypothesis
Definition
when an individual is frustrated in meeting higher level needs, the next lower level needs reemerge and again direct behavior
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