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Male and Female Reproductive Physiology
N/A
119
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
03/27/2015

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Cards

Term
The testes are important for...
Definition
sperm production and testosterone secretion.
Term
The male conducting ducts are the...
Definition
epididymis and vas deferens.
Term
The male accessory glands are...
Definition
seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral gland.
Term
The accessory glans secrete fluid to...
Definition
add to semen.
Term
The additional fluid in semen contains...
Definition
buffering agents, fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen.
Term
What is the function of the semen buffering agents?
Definition
keep pH relatively normal, as the vagina is acidic.
Term
What is the function of semen fructose?
Definition
energy source for sperm.
Term
What is the function of the prostaglandins in sperm?
Definition
increase sperm motility and increase smooth muscle contraction.
Term
What is the function of the fibrinogen in sperm?
Definition
forms a semi-solid plug to make sure sperm doesn't leak out (and blocks further insemination).
Term
Prior to birth, the testes descend from where to the scrotum?
Definition
abdominal cavity.
Term
What is cryptorchidism?
Definition
failure for the testes to descend.
Term
Cryptorchidism results in what?
Definition
sterility.
Term
Although someone with cryptorchidism is sterile, the testes can still produce what?
Definition
androgens.
Term
What is the approximate normal number of sperm produced each day?
Definition
200 million.
Term
Normal ejaculate contains approximately how many sperm?
Definition
300 million (3 L).
Term
A sperm counts of <20 million/mL usually produces...
Definition
infertility.
Term
Sperm has a...
Definition
head and tail.
Term
The sperm's head has an...
Definition
acrosome.
Term
An acrosome...
Definition
holds enzymes to aid in fertilization.
Term
The sperm's tail is for...
Definition
motility.
Term
The average sperm takes about how many days to develop?
Definition
~64.
Term
Where does sperm production occur?
Definition
seminiferous tubules.
Term
Spermatogonia undergo...
Definition
mitosis.
Term
Spermatocytes undergo...
Definition
meiosis.
Term
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
Definition
provide nourishment for sperm (support).
Term
What do Sertoli cells secrete?
Definition
androgen binding protein (ABP) and inhibin.
Term
ABPs are used for...
Definition
transporting testosterone.
Term
Inhibin...
Definition
uses negative feedback to inibit FSH release.
Term
Sertoli cells are stimulated by what?
Definition
FSH.
Term
What stimulates Leydig cells?
Definition
LH.
Term
Leydig cells promote the secretion of what?
Definition
testosterone.
Term
Testosterone is converted into what in target cells?
Definition
dihydrotesterone (DHT).
Term
DHT is...
Definition
an active form, used in the growth of male genitalia.
Term
What are the effects of androgens?
Definition
tissue growth and protein synthesis, gametogenesis, negative feedback on LH, and seondary sex characteristics.
Term
What are some male secondary characteristics?
Definition
hair (facial, pubic, etc.), deeper voice, libido, aggressive behaviour, etc.
Term
In a flaccid penis, arterioles are...
Definition
constricted.
Term
Tactile/psychological stimuli produce erection by stimulating what?
Definition
parasympathetic nerves.
Term
During erection, blood flow...
Definition
increases.
Term
Ejaculation occurs by stimulation of...
Definition
sympathetic nerves.
Term
What is the role of nitric oxide in the male sexual response?
Definition
dilates penile blood vessels.
Term
Nitric oxide is mediated by what?
Definition
cGMP.
Term
cGMP is broken down by what?
Definition
phosphodiesterase (PDE).
Term
What is the effect of Viagra?
Definition
inhibits PDE, prolonging erection.
Term
What is menses?
Definition
shedding of inner lining of endometrium.
Term
How often does menses occur?
Definition
every 24-35 days.
Term
What is marked as the beginning of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
1st day of menstruation.
Term
The menstrual cycle overlaps with the...
Definition
uterine and ovarian cycle.
Term
What is the first stage of the ovarian cycle?
Definition
follicular.
Term
What is the main feature of the follicular phase?
Definition
several follicles (with oocytes) mature at the same time.
Term
The follicular phase is promoted by what?
Definition
FSH.
Term
What does FSH act on in the follicular phase?
Definition
granulosa cells.
Term
What do thecal cells do in the follicular phase?
Definition
make androgens.
Term
Thecal cells are stimulated by what?
Definition
LH.
Term
Androgens are converted by what ot make estrogens?
Definition
aromatase.
Term
Estrogens inhibit...
Definition
FSH and LH.
Term
If estrogens inhibit FSH and LH, what will no longer happen?
Definition
development of more follicles.
Term
When estrogens inhibit FSH and LH, less developed follicles undergo what?
Definition
atresia.
Term
What is atresia?
Definition
disintegration of follicles when granulosa cells start to secrete inhibin.
Term
Estrogen stimulates MORE estrogen in the granulosa cells of what?
Definition
most mature ovum.
Term
Estrogen stimulating more estrogen is an example of...
Definition
positive feedback.
Term
No new oocytes are made after...
Definition
birth.
Term
A woman's follicle supply is depleted after what?
Definition
menopause.
Term
In the late follicular phase, granulosa cells start to secrete what?
Definition
inhibin.
Term
In the late follicular phase, estrogen levels reach a...
Definition
maximum.
Term
High estrogen levels cause what in the late follicular stage?
Definition
surge in GnRH, LH and FSH.
Term
What are estrogen's effects on the follicle and uterus?
Definition
promotes growth.
Term
What are estrogen's effects on breast tissue?
Definition
promotes duct development.
Term
What are estrogen's effects on cervical mucus?
Definition
becomes thinner.
Term
What are estrogen's effects on uterine smooth muscle?
Definition
becomes more excitable.
Term
What are estrogen's effects on the fallopian tubes?
Definition
motility increases.
Term
What are estrogen's effects on serum cholesterol levels?
Definition
decrease.
Term
Estrogen promotes bone growth, but...
Definition
fuses growth plates.
Term
What is another hormone that fuses growth plates?
Definition
testosterone.
Term
Some female secondary sexual characteristics (mediated by ovarian estrogens) include...
Definition
fat accumulation on hips and breasts, and mammary development.
Term
Some female secondary sexual characteristics (mediated by adrenal androgens) include...
Definition
libido, pubic and armpit hair.
Term
What is the second phase of the ovarian cycle?
Definition
ovulation.
Term
Collagenase secretion by the follicle during ovulation causes what?
Definition

follicle to burst.

Term
During ovulation there is...
Definition
a slight increase in body temperature.
Term
What is the approximate timing of ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
Definition
day 14.
Term
Ovulation can be suppresed by what?
Definition
nutritional status, exercise, stress and prolactin.
Term
What is the third phase of the ovarian cycle?
Definition
luteal.
Term
Luteal cells...
Definition
develop from follicle cells after ovulation.
Term
Luteal cells produce what?
Definition
progesterone, inhibin and estrogen (some).
Term
How long dies the corpus luteum survive before it atrophies?
Definition
2 weeks.
Term
Once the corpus lutem atrophies...
Definition
progesterone and estrogen decrease, LH and FSH increase.
Term
ONce the corpus luteum atrophies, blood vessels contract, die and...
Definition
menstruation starts.
Term
What is progesterone's effect on uterine motility?
Definition
decreases; maintains uterine lining.
Term
Blocking progesterone triggers what?
Definition
menstruation.
Term
What are progesterone's effects on temperature?
Definition
increases slightly.
Term
What are progesterone's effects on cervical mucus?
Definition
becomes thicker.
Term
What are progesterone's effects on mammary glands?
Definition
promotes growth of glandular tissue.
Term
What are progesterone's effects on LH release.
Definition
inhibited.
Term
The oral contraceptives available are usually a combination pill of...
Definition
progesterone and estrogen.
Term
The combination pill prevents what?
Definition
LH surge and ovulation.
Term
The combinationg pill induces what?
Definition
thicker mucus and decreased sperm motility.
Term
The "minipill" that is available consists only of what?
Definition
progesterone.
Term
The risks of oral contraceptives include:
Definition
stroke, hypertension (blood clot formation).
Term
Vasodilation causes that labia to become what?
Definition
engorged.
Term
Vasodilation causes the clitoris to become what?
Definition
erect.
Term
Vasodilation causes the vagina to...
Definition
increase fluid secretion.
Term
Vasodilation causes the skin to...
Definition
flush.
Term
What is "tenting"?
Definition
lifting of the uterus.
Term
Rythmic vaginal contractions are induced by what?
Definition
sympathetics.
Term
After ovulation, fertilization must occur within a period of...
Definition
12-24 hours.
Term
How long are sperm viable for?
Definition
2 days.
Term
What is capacitation?
Definition
glycoproteins are removed from sperm.
Term
What is the function of capacitation?
Definition
increases motility.
Term
Where does fertilization occur?
Definition
Fallopian tubes.
Term
Implantation in the Fallopian tubes would be termed a what?
Definition
ectopic pregnancy.
Term
What is the zona pellucida?
Definition
protein and polysaccharide layer surrounding the egg.
Term
Penetration of the zona pellucida by sperm requires what?
Definition
acrosomal enzymes.
Term
Upon fertilization, the egg completes its...
Definition
second meiotic division and fuses with sperm nucleus.
Term
Implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall must occur within how many days?
Definition
7.
Term
After implantation, blood vessels (chorionic villi) grow into the endometrium, forming what?
Definition
placenta.
Term
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) come only from what?
Definition
the placenta.
Term
hCG maintains the secretion of what?
Definition
progersterone from corpus luteum (3 months).
Term
The secretion of hCG coincides with what?
Definition
morning sickness.
Term
Detection of hCG in the urine indicates what?
Definition
pregnancy.
Term
What do the standard "pee on a stick" pregnancy tests look for?
Definition
hCG.
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