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Macrolides Chapter 33
Antibacteriala
59
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
10/19/2009

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Term

Where are Macrolides located in the body tissue?

Are they bacterioststic or bactericidal?

Definition
Macrolides are widly distributed into body tissues and fluids tissues and may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal, depending on drug concentration in infected tissues.
Term
What group of bacteria dose Macrolides affect?
Definition
Macrolides are effective against gram-positive bacteria.
Term
Macrolindes include what type of drugs?
Definition
Erythromycin, azithromycin (Zithromax), and Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
Term
Macrolindes are effective against Species such as
Definition

Streptococci

Staphylococci

Corynebacterium

Treponema

Legionella, Chlamydia,Neisseria

Mycoplasma

Term
Macrolindes are effective against some anaerobic species of
Definition

Bacteroides

Clostridia

Term
Azithromycin and Clarithromycin are active against what type of infection?
Definition
Mycobacterium avium complex disease ( MAC)
Term
What opportunistic infection that occurs mainly in people with advanced HIV infection
Definition
MAC Mycobacterium avium complex
Term
Azithromycin and clarithromycin is part of a combinatio regimen to fight what pathogen?
Definition
Helicobacter pylori which is a pathogen implicated in peptic ulcer disease.
Term
Why is Erythromycin use less to fight against microorganisum?
Definition
Because micorbial resistance
Term
What body organ is excrete erythromycin out of bod tissues?
Definition
Erythromycin is metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly in bile about 20% is excreted in urine
Term
How is Azithromycin  excreted from the body?
Definition
Is excreted by bile
Term
How is Clarithromycin excreted by the body?
Definition
it is metabolized in liver but excreted in urine.
Term
Why is erythromycin called penicillin substitue?
Definition
Erythromycin is also used as a penicillin substitue because patients who are allergic to penicillin prevention of reumatic fever gonorrhea, syphilles pertussis and chlamydial conjunctive in newborns opthalmic oinment and to treat other infections
Term
What are adverse effects with erythromycin, and how many they prevented or Minimized?
Definition
Liver toxicity/with drug highly dependent on Cyp3A4 liver enzymes for metabolism. Not given to people liver disease montior labs. also not given myasthenia gravis
Term

How do the new macrolides differ from erythromycin

 

Definition
They enhanced antibacterial activity requireless frequent administration and cause less nausea vomiting and diarrhea
Term
How doses the ketolide differ from the macrolides?
Definition
Ketolides have a greater affinity for ribosomal RNA, expanding their antimicrobial spectrum compared with marolides.
Term
How would you recognize pseudomembranous colitis in a patient? What would you do if you thought a patient might have it why?
Definition
If patient has dirrhea, which cause by C.diffics infection assoicted with pseudomembranous colitis. Adminstrate drug merronidazole whichprevent or treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections
Term
Which antibacterial drugh is considered the drug of choice for MRSA and SSNA?
Definition
Vancomycin which used for prophlyaxis of gram positive infection in patients who are at high risks of developing MRSA infections
Term
What is redman syndrome and how can it be prevented or minimized?
Definition
It is very important to give IV infusions slowly over 1 to2 hours, to avoid an adverse reaction characterized by hypotension, flushing and skin rash.
Term
What is the main clinical importance of the newer drugs tigecyline, linezolid daptomycin, rifaximin, and quinupristin dalfopristin?
Definition
These drugs have relatively narrow spectra of activity and appropriate indications for their use should be observed todecrease the likelihood of resistance.
Term

 

Is the following statement True or False?
Macrolides may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
Definition

 

True.
Macrolides are widely distributed into body tissues and fluids and may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal, depending on drug concentration in infected tissues.
Term

 

Macrolide/Ketolide Antibacterials
Definition

 

Azithromycin (Zithromax)
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
Erythromycin base (E-mycin)
Telithromycin (Ketek)
Term

 

Azithromycin (Zithromax)  drug is use to treat  Helicobacter pylori combination drug
Definition
Clarithromycin
Term
Clarithromycin (Biaxin) treat and prevent what infection
Definition
MAC
Term
Erythromycin base (E-mycin) is excreted from what organ
Definition
 metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly in bile approximately 20% in the urine
Term

 

Telithromycin (Ketek) is the frist drug of
Definition
Ketolides
Term
Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) disease is an opportunistic infection that affects what type of people?
Definition
Mainly occurs mainly in people with advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection
Term
Azithromycin is excreted mainly
Definition
in bile
Term
Clarithromycin is excreted
Definition
it is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine
Term
Telithromycin is excreted by
Definition
the liver and kidneys
Term
Specific salt formulation in food can have a variable effect on the absorption of  what medication
Definition
Erythromycin
Term
Macrolides and Ketolides inhibit what mechanism in microbial cell
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
Marolides are use to treat what infection?
Definition
respiratory tract and skin/soft tissue which is cause by streptococci and staphylococci
Term
Erythromycin is use for prevention of
Definition
rheumatic fever, gonorrhea, syphilis, pertussis, and chlamydial conjunctivitis in newborns.
Term
Erythromycin treat's other infection such as
Definition
Legionnaire's disease, genitourinary infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, intestinal amebiasis caused by entamoeba histolytic
Term
Macrolides and ketolides are know for to give some people
Definition
hypersensitiviy reaction to the drugs.
Term
Telithromycin is toxicity to what organ?
Definition
liver
Term
Choloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic that is active against most
Definition
Gram positive and Gram negative
Term
Clindamycin is often used to treat infection
Definition
B.fragilis
Term
Daptomycin belongs to
Definition
lipopeptide
Term
Tigecycline is a member
Definition
glycylcycline
Term
Linezolid is a member
Definition
Oxazolidinone
Term
Tigecycline binds to
Definition
the 30s ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, thus inhibiting protein synthesis
Term
Tigecycline is use to treat
Definition
complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Term
Tigecycline is administered
Definition
intravenously
Term
Metronidazole is effective against
Definition
anaerobic bacteria, including gram-negative bacilli such as bacteroides gram-positive bacilli such as and some gram-positive cocci
Term
METRONIDAZLE INDICATION FOR USE
Definition
include prevention or treatment of anaerobic bacterial in fections e.g. colorectal surgery intra abdominal infections
Term
C.difficile and H.pylori is treated by
Definition
metronidazole
Term
Quinupristin-dalfopristin are active antimicrobials
Definition
that affect bacterial ribosomes to decrease protein synthesis
Term
Quinupristin-dalfopristin are affected againgts
Definition
VREF infection
Term
rifaximin is affected against
Definition
Escherichia coli but is not effective in diarrhea due to campylobacter jejuni
Term
Spectinomycin is used to treat
Definition
Gonococcal
Term
Vancomycin is active against
Definition
gram positive which inhibitis cell wall synthesis
Term
vancomycin fights
Definition

MRSA

S.pneumoniae

E.faecalis

Term
Use in Childern chocie of drugs
Definition

Erythromycin

Azithromycin and Clarithromycin

 

Term
Use in Adults drug choice
Definition

Erythromycin

Azithromycin

Telithromycin

Clarithromycin

Term
Use in older Adults drug of choice that no need for reduction
Definition

daptomycin

Quinupristin dalfopristian

Linezolid

Term
Key Concepts:
Definition
Macrolides, which include erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin, inhibit microbial protein synthesis
Term
KEY CONCEPTS
Definition
Erythromycin shares a simalar antibacterial spectrum with pencillin making it good choice for patients with penicillin allergy
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