Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Macro and Micro Nutritional Requirements
8-21-13 Nutrition Therapy Lecture
64
Business
Graduate
08/29/2013

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Tamiflu (oseltamivir)
Definition
Neuramidase (glycoprotein) inhibitor -- prevent viral attachment
Term
Relenza
Definition
Neuramidase (glycoprotein) inhibitor-- prevent viral attachment
Term
Glycomimetics
Definition
Low molecular weight drugs that mimic CHO recognition molecules
Term
oxalacetic acid (CHO)
Definition
Essential for breakdown of fat (acetate)
Term
Primary use of carbohydrates
Definition
energy production
Term
Glucobay (Acarbose)
Definition
Alpha-glucosidase and/or alpha-amylase inhibitor
Term
Glyset (Miglitol)
Definition
Alpha-glucosidase and/or alpha-amylase inhibitor
Term
Glustat (Voglibose)
Definition
Alpha-glucosidase and/or alpha-amylase inhibitor
Term
Energy production:
Definition
B-complex, magnesium, vitamin C
Term
Antioxidants:
Definition
vitamins A, E, and C; selenium, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in mitochondria
Term
Electrolyte Balance:
Definition
sodium, potassium
Term
muscle and nerve transmissions:
Definition
calcium, magnesium
Term
Oxygen transport and regulation:
Definition
iron
Term
Gene regulation:
Definition
vitamins A, D
Term
Folic acid
Definition
hemoglobin, one-carbon metabolism, regulates homocysteine
Term
Folic acid
Definition
Deficiency: neural tube defects, anemia, cardiovascular risk
Term
Niacin
Definition
Reduces LDL cholesterol, treats arthrosclerosis, makes hormones
Term
Niacin
Definition
Deficiency: pellagra, depression, fatigue
Term
B12 (cobalamin)
Definition
Nervous system, cell division; 9% of US population deficient
Term
B12 (cobalamin)
Definition
Deficiency: anemia, dementia, severe neurological problems
Term
B6 (pyridoxine)
Definition
metabolize AA's and fats, red blood cells
Term
B6 (pyridoxine0
Definition
deficiency: anemia, skin lesions, oily flaky skin, cracked dry lips, glossitis, depression, confusion
Term
Pantothenic acid
Definition
coenzyme A used in energy production pathways, alters D3 protein function and gene expression; deficiency is rare
Term
Riboflavin (B2)
Definition
metabolize fats and carbs (FAD, FMN), boosts antibodies, cellular growth and repair
Term
Riboflavin (B2)
Definition
Deficiency: ariboflavinosis, soreness and cracks near mouth, glossitis, anemia (due to its role converting B6 to active form)
Term
Thiamin (B1)
Definition
energy metabolism, HCl in stomach, heart function, nerves, muscles, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) required coenzyme in food energy pathways
Term
biotin
Definition
attaches at the active site of carboxylase enzymes ('biotinylation') essential for gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and metabolism
Term
biotin
Definition
deficiency: hair loss, scaly facial rash, hallucinations, depression
Term
Thiamin (B1)
Definition
Deficiency: common in alcoholics, loss of appetite, heart enlargement, mental confusion, Beriberi (muscle weakness, pain, neurologic parasthesia, death)
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
Found in fruits, vegetables, raw meat; functions as an antioxidant, helps synthesize carnitine which is essential for beta-oxidation (Fat burning), collagen production
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
Mild deficiency causes fatigue, irritable, hemorrhaging, joint pain, illness and loose teeth; major deficiency causes scurvy and death
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Found in yellow, orange, and red vegetables and fruits, fortified milk, eggs
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Functions: vision, growth, immune system, red blood cell production, iron incorporation into hemoglobin
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Deficiency: weak muscles, immunodeficiency, abnormal cell proliferation, blindness and death
Term
Reinoic acid (RA)
Definition
acts as hormone (like vitamin D), regulates gene transcription, cellular differentiation: specialization of cells for highly specific physiological roles
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
found in fatty fish like salmon, fortified dairy, sun
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
functions: maintain calcium balance in body, cell differentiation, immune system, blood pressure regulation
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Deficiency: sleep disorders, depression, rickets in children and soft bones in adults
Term
Calcium
Definition
Found in dairy, fish canned with bones (salmon), spinach, white beans
Term
Calcium
Definition
functions: blood vessel constriction and relaxation, cellular signaling, skeletabl muscle and nerves contain voltage dependent calcium channels in their cell membranes, bones contain hydroxyapatite crystals
Term
Calcium
Definition
Deficiency: accelerated bone loss, tooth loss, muscle twitches, on edge feeling; deficiency can be caused by abnormal parathyroid function, vitamin D deficiency, low blood magnesium concentrations
Term
Magnesium
Definition
Found in leafy greens, nuts, grains, milk
Term
Magnesium
Definition
Functions: Energy production; Synthesis of DNA, carbohydrates, lipids, glutathione, bone, cell membranes; MgATP phosphorylates proteins and forms cAMP
Term
Magnesium
Definition
Low dietary protein intake reduces absorption; Deficiency: fingers on blackboard nervous feeling, muscle spasms, anxiety, depression, insomnia
Term
Iodine
Definition
found in iodized salt, cod, fish, milk, seaweed, potato
Term
Iodine
Definition
Function: synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronin and thyroxine, T3 binds to thyroid receptors in cell nucleus to regulate gene expression
Term
Iodine
Definition
Deficiency: fatigue, weight gain, goiters ( due to thyroid enlargement), cretinism, death
Term
Zinc
Definition
Found in red meat, oysters, crabs, yogurt, beans; Men need 2X more than women
Term
Zinc
Definition
catalyzes over 100 enzymatic reactions, structural role in proteins, regulation role as gene transcription factor, role in cell signaling, helps regulate hormone release, nerve transmission and apoptosis (cellular death)
Term
Zinc
Definition
Deficiency: lack of sexual maturity and dwarfism in males, low testosterone, loss of taste
Term
Iron
Definition
Essential for women; found in red meat, poultry, oysters, raisins, potatoes, legumes
Term
Iron
Definition
Functions: oxygen transport and storage in heme, oxygen sensing, energy production, DNA syntehsis, ETC cytochromes
Term
Iron
Definition
Deficiency: fatigue, anemia, inability to detoxify drugs, poor athletic preformance, imparied thinking, cold all the time
Term
Iron
Definition
used in cytochrome p450, a enzyme family that metabolizes and detoxifies drugs and toxins
Term
Cytochrome p450
Definition
a family of enzymes that catalyses reactions by using a heme iron to oxidize molecules
Term
cytochrome p450
Definition
often makes drugs water soluble, account for 75% of drug metabolism, can make drugs more toxic; varies by person
Term
macronutrients
Definition
provide calories/energy, required in large amounts, proteins, carbs, and fats
Term
micronutrients
Definition
required in smaller quantities, vitamins, minerals
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
function in cell recognition, provides a zip code used to ship proteins out of the cell, cell signaling
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
essential for fat breakdown: oxalacetic acid oxidizes acetate; promotes beneficial gut bacterial and intestinal peristaltic movements
Term
protein
Definition
should be 15-35% daily calories, build muscles, tissue, bone, neurotransmitters, nezymes, cell recognition, immune system, also used as 'zip code' to direct proteins
Term
Fats
Definition
should be 25-40% of your daily calories; used for energy storage, myelin in nerves, cell membranes, hormones, neurotransmitters, phosopholipids
Term
Fat
Definition
vital for hormone production, builds your brain and neural communication networks
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
should be 30-50% of daily calories
Supporting users have an ad free experience!