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Lymphatic System
N/A
100
Medical
Undergraduate 1
08/04/2014

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Term
lymphatic system
Definition
collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to blood
Term
proteins and large particles that cannot be taken up by capillaries
Definition
removed by lymph system
Term
lymph system recycles
Definition
interstitialfluid and monitors blood for infection
Term
lympoh system reroutes
Definition
low soluble fat digestates around small capillaries of intestine and into large veins of neck
Term
most tissues drained by
Definition
lymphatic channels
Term
lymph system is open or closed
Definition
opne, fluid enters at one end and leaves at other, lymph capilalries protrude into tissues, oto enter lymph system, interstitial fluid flows between overlappng endothelial cells,
Term
interstitial fluid pressure is
Definition
slightly negative
Term
as intersitial pressure rises toward 0
Definition
lymph flow increases
Term
factors that affect interstitial pressure
Definition
BP, plasma oscmotic pressure interstitial osmotic pressure, permeability of capillaries
Term
lymph vessels fluid flow
Definition
in one direction
Term
fluid propelled through valve in 2 ways
Definition
1. smooth muscle in walls of larger lymph vesels contracts when stretched
2. lymph vessles may be squeezed by adjacent skeletalm uscles, body movements, arterial pulsations, compression,
Term
lymph flow in activeindividual is greater
Definition
in active individual than in individuala t rest
Term
lymph system empties into large veins at
Definition
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Term
lymph from right arm and head enters blood through right lymphatic duct Ghe rest of blood drained by
Definition
throacic duct
Term
blood
Definition
connective tissue, contains cells and a matrix, regulates extracellular environment of body by transporting nutrients, waste, hormones, an dheat,
Term
blood speparates into 3 parts
Definition
plasma, buff coat (wBC), and RBC
Term
hematocrit
Definition
percentage by volume of RBC
Term
hematocrit in houman normally
Definition
35-50%
Term
plasma
Definition
matrix of blod, H2O, ions, urea,ammonia, proteins, and other organic and inorganic compounds
Term
protiens in plasma
Definition
albumin, immunoglbobulins, and clotting cators
Term
albumins
Definition
transport fatty acids and steroids and regulate osmotic pressure
Term
immunoglobulins
Definition
antibodies
Term
plasma in which clotting protein fibrinogen removied
Definition
serum
Term
albumin, fifibrinogen, and most other plasma proteins
Definition
formed in liver
Term
impotnat function of plasma proteins
Definition
amino acids for tissue protein replacement
Term
eryhtrocytes
Definition
bags of hemoglobin, RBC,no organelles, no nucleus, do not undergo mitosis, disk shaped, transport O2 and CO2, squeeze through capillaries 120 days recycled, most worn out RBC burst as squeeze through channels in spleen and sometimes liver
Term
leukocytes
Definition
WBCs, organelles but no hemoglbin, poroteict body from foreing invadors
Term
stem cells
Definition
all blood cells differentiate from same type of precursor in bone marrow
Term
erythrocytes low nucleus while
Definition
still in marrow
Term
after entering blood stream as ___, RBC los restof organelles within 1-2 days
Definition
reticulocytes
Term
granular leukocytes
Definition
neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
neutorphils
Definition
neutral to acidic and basic dyes
Term
eosinophils stin
Definition
acid dyes
Term
basophils stain in
Definition
basic dyes
Term
granulocytes
Definition
remain in blood for 4-8 hours before deposited in titusses wher ethey lvie for 4-55 dayts
Term
agranualar leukocytes
Definition
monocytes, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes
Term
once depositied in tissues, monocytes become
Definition
macrophagesand live for months to years
Term
lymphocytes may also live
Definition
for years
Term
platelets
Definition
small portions of membrane bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes
Term
megakaryoctes remain in
Definition
bone marrow mainly
Term
platelets are
Definition
tiny cells without a nucleus, contian actin, myosin, parts of Golgi and ER, mitochondria, can make prostaglandins and enzymes
Term
membrane of platelyets is
Definition
desinged to avoid adherence to healthy endothelium and adhere to injured endothelium ,become sticky and swell releasing chemicals and activated aotehr platelets
Term
platelet plug
Definition
platelets stick to endothelium and to each other
Term
granulocytes
Definition
short life time, function nonspecifcally against all infectiv eagents
Term
agranulocytes
Definition
long lfie span, work against specific agenets of infection
Term
platelet half life
Definition
8-12 days
Term
coagulation
Definition
1) coagulation facotrs form prothrombin activator
2. prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin (plasma protein) into thrombin
3. thrombin governms polymerization of plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin gthreats that attach to platelets and form tight plug
Term
coagulation
Definition
blood clot formation
Term
thrombin
Definition
enzyme that governs polymerization of fibronogen to fibrin thread to form tight plug
Term
prothrombin activator
Definition
catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Term
lueukocyte composition in blood
Definition
neutorphils = 62%
lymphocytes = 30%
monocytes = 5.3 %
%
basophils = 0.4%
epsinophils = 2.3%
Term
innate immunity
Definition
generalized protection from most intruding organisms and toxins
Term
acquired immunity
Definition
prtection against pecifc organisms or toxins, develops after body is atacked
Term
innate immunity includes
Definition
skin,stomach acid adn digestive enzymes to destroy ingested, phagocytic cells, chemicals in blood
Term
injury to tissue rsults in
Definition
inflammation, includes dilation of blood vessels, inreased permeability of capillaries, swelling of tissues, migration ofgranulocytes, macrophages to inflamed area
Term
histamine, prostaglandins, lymphokines
Definition
causative agents of inflamamation released by tissue
Term
part of effect of inflammation is to
Definition
wall off the effected tissue and local lymph vessels from rest of body impeding spread of inflction
Term
infectious agents that are able to pass through skin or digestive defenses and enter body are first attacked by
Definition
local macrophages
Term
neutorphils follow macrophages
Definition
most stored in bone marrow
some found cicruclating blood and tissues
move toward infected area b chemicals released form damaged dtissue or by infectious agents,
enter tissues, slip between endothelial cells by amaeboid like process
Term
neutrophils slip between endothelial cells of capillary walls via
Definition
amoebid like process called diapedesis
Term
monocytes
Definition
circulate blood and move into tissues by diapedesis, mature to become macrophages when in tissue
Term
once inside tissue, monocyte mature into
Definition
machrophage
Term
when neutorphils and macrophages enguolf bad tissue and acteria
Definition
they die,
Term
pus
Definition
dead leukocytes, tissue fluid, necrotic tissue
Term
eosinophils
Definition
work against parasitic infections
Term
basophils
Definition
release many of chemicals of inflammation rxn
Term
two types of acquired immunity
Definition
humoral or B cell immunity and cell mediated or T cell immunity
Term
humoral immunity
Definition
promoted by B lymphocytes
Term
B lymphocyets
Definition
differentiate an dmature in bone marrow and liver, capable of making a single type of antibody which it displays on membrane
Term
antibody recognizes
Definition
foreing particle = antigen
Term
antigenic determinant
Definition
portion of antigen that binds to antibody, highly specific,
Term
hapten
Definition
antigenic determinant that is removed from an antigen
Term
hapten
Definition
can onl stimulate immune response if individual hss been exposed to full antigen previously
Term
macrophages present
Definition
antigenic determinants on surfaces (of engulfed microbes)
Term
B lymphocyte antibody contacts matching antigen (presented by macrophage)
Definition
B lymphocyte assisted by helper T cell, differentiates into plasma and memry b cells
Term
plammsa cells
Definition
sytnheize free antibodies and release into blood, may attach base to mast cells
Term
when aantibody whosse base is bound to mast cells also binds to an antigen
Definition
mast cell relases histamine and other chemicals
Term
natural killer cells (killer T cells)
Definition
cause antigen to be phagocytosized by macrophages when marked by antibody
Term
agglutinate, precipitate, block chemically active portion
Definition
antibody
Term
primary response
Definition
first time immune system exposed to antigen, 20 days to reach fullpotential
Term
memroy B cells
Definition
proliferate and remian in body, in cae of reinfection, each of these cells can be called upon to synthesize antibodies reulting in faster more potent secondary respmnse which takes 5 days to reach full potential
Term
humoral immunity effective gainst
Definition
bacteria, fungi, aparasitic protozoans, viruses, and blood toxins
Term
bone marorw stem cell is either
Definition
erythrocyte or leukocyte
Term
;leukocyte types
Definition
monocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, lymphocyte, and mast cell
Term
megakaryocyte pieces
Definition
platelets
Term
granulocytes
Definition
neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
lymphocyte turns into
Definition
natural kille rcells, B lymphocyte, or T lymhocyte
Term
T cells
Definition
killer helper, memory, suppressor
Term
cell mediated immunity involves
Definition
T lymphocytes
Term
T lymphocytes mature in the
Definition
thymus
Term
T lymphocytes have an
Definition
antibody like protein at surface that recognizes antigen
Term
T lymphocytes never make
Definition
free antibodies
Term
]If t lymphocyte binds to self antigen in thmus
Definition
that t lymphocyte is destroyed
Term
T lymphocyte that does not bind to self antigen in thmus
Definition
released to lodge in lymphoid tissue or circulate between blood and lymph fluid
Term
T lymphocytes that are not destroyed idfferentiate into
Definition
hlelper T cells, memory T cells, suppressor T cels, killer T cells (cytotoxic t cells9
Term
HIV attacks
Definition
T helper cells
Term
activate B lymphocytes
Definition
T helper cells
Term
T helper cells activate
Definition
B lymphocytes, killer, and suppressor T cells
Term
supressor T cells
Definition
negative feedback in immune system
Term
killer t cells bind to
Definition
antigen carrying cell and relese perfornin
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