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Logical fallacies
Master List
27
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
01/12/2009

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Term
Ad hominen (attacking the person)
Definition
Attaching arguer rather than the argument.
Term
Ad ignorantium (appeal to ignorance)
Definition
Arguing on the basis of what is not known and can't be prove.
Term
Ad verecundiam (appeal to authority)
Definition
Tries to convince by appealing to reputaion of a famous or respected person.
Term
Affirming the consequent
Definition
Second premise affirms the consequent of the first premise and the conclusion affirms the antecedent. Example: If he wants to get the job, then he must know Spanish. He knows Spanish, so the job is his.
Term
Amphiboly
Definition
Position of the words or juxtaposition of two sentences conveys a mistaken idea. Created by word placement. Example: Jim said he saw Jenny walk her dog through the window. Ow! She would be reported for animal abuse!
Term
Appeal to emotion
Definition
Uses emotion rather than logic to persuade the listner.
Term
Argument from analogy or false analogy
Definition
Unsound form of inductive logic which relies on a weak analogy to prove its point. Example: This must be a great car,for, like the finest watches in the world, it was made in Switzerland.
Term
Begging the question
Definition
Conclusion is implied or already assumed in the premise (circular argument). Example: The bible is the word of God because it says so in the bible.
Term
Slippery slope
Definition
Argues against taking a step because it will follow through to the last(hypothetical syllogism). Example: Students can't be allowed to have a voice in decisions or we will loose total control.
Term
Common belief (bandwagon)
Definition
Widely believed is not proof or evidence of truth.
Term
Past belief - form of common belief
Definition
Belief or support of past because it was widely accepted.
Term
Contrary to fact hypothesis
Definition
Statement with a degree of certainty that an even might have oocurred but did not.
Term
Denying the anticedent
Definition
Invalid form of conditional argument - second premise denies the anteceent of the first prmise, and the conclusion denies the consequent. Example: If she qualifies for a promotion, she must speak English. She doesn't qualify so she must not speak English.
Term
Division
Definition
Conclude that any part of a whole must have a characteristic because the whole has that characteristic. Example: Karen must play the piano well because her family is so musical.
Term
Composition
Definition
Conclude that a whole must have a characteristic because a part does.
Term
False delima (either/or)
Definition
Assumes we must choose one of two alternatives instead of other possibilities
Term
Equivocation
Definition
Uses ambiquous nature of a word/phrase to shift meaning.
Term
Hasty Generalization
Definition
Generalization accepted on the suport of a sample that is too small or biased.
Term
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc ("After this, therefore caused by this")
Definition
Form of false cause - inferred that because one event followed another it is necessaryly caused by that event.
Term
Inconsistency
Definition
Self-contradicting - two assertations that are logically incompatible. Example: A woman reprents herself as a feminist, yet doesn't believe women should run for Congress.
Term
Non sequitur (It does not follow)
Definition
Premises have no direct relationship to the conclusion.
Term
Questionable cause
Definition
Form of false cause - insufficient evidence for cause of an occurence.
Term
Red herring
Definition
Irrelevant issue introduced into discussion as diversionary tactic.
Term
Slanting
Definition
Misrepresentation of a true statement that suggest something is not true.
Term
Straw man
Definition
Misrepresent an opponent's position by distorting views to ridiculous extremes.
Term
Two wrongs make a right
Definition
Try to justify a wrong action by charges of a similar wrong.
Term
Far-fetched hypothesis
Definition
When a particular hypothesis is accepted when one more strongly based in fact is available.
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