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Lit n Research
Exam I
36
Literature
Graduate
09/25/2011

Additional Literature Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Epistremlogy
Definition
a branch of philosphy that investigates the orgin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge
Term

Empiricism (direct observation) /empirical

Definition

based on observations of individuals or objects of interest – planned in advance

Term

Rationalism

Definition

principal that accepts reason as the supreme authority; doctrine that reason only is the source of knowledge and is independent of research

Term

Triangulation

Definition

more than one way of collecting data is being use; to try to verify the data by using multiple methods

Term

Indicator

Definition

when you cannot acquirer information through standard; something that represents something else

Term

Inter-subjectivity

Definition

everyone involved in the research understands the concept in the same way

Term

Qualitative vs Quantitative

Definition

Qualitative – can use numbers but not dependent on them, paradigms that privileges the use of words; use of participants and respondents – we are doing it together; quality over quantity


Quantitative paradigms – use of numbers for representing data and analyzing; uses the term subjects – very objectifying; Quantity over quality

Term

Levels of data/scales of measurement

Definition

aka data or information; helps researcher determine what type of statistical analysis is appropriate for a given set of data; No Oil In Rivers (NOIR)

Term

Independent

Definition

those that are (probably) cause, influence, or affect outcomes; called treatment, manipulated, antecedent, or predictor

Term

Dependent variable

Definition

those that depend on the independent variables, they are outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variables; called criterion, outcome, and effect

Term

Experiment

Definition

a study in which treatments are given to see how the participants respond to them; want to identify cause and affect relationships

Term

Descriptive

Definition

summarize data; tell a story; average, percentage, range

Term

Inferential statistics

Definition

tools that tell us how much confidence we can have when generalizing from a sample to a population; prediction statistics

Term

Non-experimental

Definition

descriptive study; a study in which observations are made to determine the status of what exists at a given point in time w/o the administration of treatments

Term
Mean, Median, Mode
Definition

most frequently used average; called average; 5, 6, 7,10,12,15 = 55/6 = 9.17 balance point in a distribution; includes total population; depends on the outlier; can be pulled in direction of extreme scores

middle point in a distribution; insensitive to extreme scores; best for when you have a skew

most frequently occurring score; used as average in nominal data

Term

Measures of dispersion

Definition

standard deviation, range, interquartile range, variance

Term

Conceptual understanding of s.d.

Definition

a statistic that provides an overall measurement of how much participants’ scores differ from the mean

the most frequantly used measure of variability; aka spread &dispersion

 

 

 

 

 

Term

Population

Sample

Parameter

Statistics

Definition

consist of all members of a group in which a researcher has an interest

a subset of a population

populations yield parameters; summarized results

the difference between the highest score and the lowest score; measures of spread, standard deviation, variance

– the range of the middle 50 % of the participants; takes away outliers

Term

Normal distribution

Definition

normal curve; most important curve; used as the basis for a number of inferential stats; the shape of a polygon becomes smoother and is referred to as a curve

Term
Skew
Definition

positive goes to the right

negative goes to the left

leans towards one direction

Term

Relationships of measures of central tendency in skew

Definition

mean, median, and modes; they report the data in terms of the center

Term
Induction vs Deduction
Definition

moves from more specific observations to broader generalizations and theories

reasoning works from the more generel to the more specific

Term

Hypothesis/hypotheses

Alternative

Null

One-Tailed

Definition

a specific statement of prediction

supported by you

one that describes the remaining possbile outcomes

if your prediction specifies a direction

Term
Nomothetic vs Idiographic
Definition

laws and rules that pertain to the general case

laws and rules that relate to individuals

Term

Anonymity

Definition

stricter standard; means that the participant will remain anonymous throughout the study, even to the researchers themselves

Term

Confidentiality

Definition

assuring that identifying information will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in the study

Term

Longitudinal study

Definition

one that takes place over time; at least two, often more waves of measurement in a longitudinal

Term

Repeated measures

Definition

if you have less than two waves of measurement

Term

Third variable problem

Definition

when an outside variable affects the relationship between to other different variables

Term

Variable

Definition

any entity that can take on different values; anything that can vary

Term

Attribute

Definition

a specific value on a variable 1= strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 =neutral,… etc.

Level of variable

Term

Informed consent

Definition

prospective research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate

Term

Voluntary participation

Definition

requires that people not be coerced into participating in research; prisons, universities, etc.

Term

Institutional Review Board

Definition

a panel of persons who reviews grant proposals with respect to ethical implications and decides whether additional actions need to be taken to assure the safety and rights of participants

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