1. Monkeys

2. Apes

3. Prosemians

Chimpanzees are usually?

o   Dian Fossey

o   Jane Goodall

§  Studied chimps

Quadrapedalism (Knuckle Walking) 

Leaping and Jumping

Brachiation (like swinging from monkey bars)

Bipedalism (Human like walking)

multiple offsprings at one time, born mature 

very little parental investment 

short pregnancy and lives

heterodont 

4 different types of teeth?

a species containing more that one different type of tooth.

incisor, canine, molar, premolar

• found only in madagascar
• Sifaka is a larger type of lemur
• prosemian
• mouse lemur and sifakas are examples of lemurs

• bush baby- 6 inches in length and sounds like a baby
• use vocalization to recognize each other

Tarsiers

• 4-6 inches in body length
• leap very far
• have a blend of characteristics

• small bodied
• longer snouts
• dental comb 
• grooming claw
• post orbital bar

• larger bodied
• shorter snouts
• no dental comb 
• no grooming claw
• completely enclosed eye orbit

• bigger than prosemians but smaller that apes/monkeys
• dental formula 2,1,3,3
• has wider nose septum than other monkeys
• all have tails and some tails being prehensile

what are examples of Callitichids?

• buffy headed maroset
• white throated capuchin
• golden lion tamarins

• includes apes
• larger than new world monkeys
• dental formula: 2,1,2,3
• narrower nasal septum
• most have tails but none prehensile
• small bodied monkeys are arboil
• larger bodied monkeys are on ground

baboons and mandrill

eat fruits roots and insects

Great apes

orangutan 

gorillas (one male per group who is the father of all infants and any child males who is mature is kicked out to start his own group)

studied by Jane Goodall

most similar to humans in DNA

very aggressive

hunt in groups 

use tools

Endangered primates

Human population growth causes?

whats being done?

1. habitat destruction, hunting for food, illegal wildlife trade

2. awareness and education, laws, ecotourism(tourism friendly to the environment)

shaking limbs, charging , throwing leaves 

usually happens when competing for resources and/or protecting territories

Cladistics

• ancestral (primitive)
• Modified(derived)

1. a trait that has not changed
2. a trait that has changed

absolute dating

what is found at recent sites?

what is found at old sites?

1. carbon 14
2. Potassium/argon

first true primates were around during this time

euprimates (name of primates in this period)

examples: adapids, omomyids

apidium was small bodied monkey during this time

and aegyptopithecus was the larger monkey of this time.

"GOLDEN AGE OF HOMINOIDS"

Hominoid- general name for apes/humans

example: proconsul, dyropithecus, sivapithecus, and gigntopithecus.

3 goals of Paleoanthropologist

1. identify hominid and hominin paleo species
2. establish chronology (relationships between species)
3. gain insight in the behavior of fossil species

Skull adaptions for Bipeds

foramen magnum (a hole in the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain through the skull) is vertical for bipeds

However, in quadpeds, the hole is in back of the skull

bipeds generally have "S" shaped spinal cords

where quadpeds have a straighter spinal cord

bipeds have a bowl shaped pelvis where the ilia     (flat part of the hip bone) has a side to side direction

quadrapeds generally have more flattened pelvis' with the ilia facing front and back.

Femur (thigh bone in bipeds)

they have very stable platform with much reliability on the toes for balance.

quadrapeds have opposable toes that cause the foot to be thrown offbalance.

Hypothesis for bipedality 

allows for carrying objects

feeding 

hunting

better view of the country side

and its more efficient to walk bipedally when walking long distances.