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Life Science
Ecology
36
Science
Not Applicable
05/04/2005

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Term
ECOLOGY
Definition
study of organisms & how they interact with each other & enviroment
biosphere
Term
population
Definition
group of individual members of the same species, who can interbreed and produce viable offspring and live under same environmental conditions
Term
community
Definition
interactions between populations
Term
*KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION*
Definition
-Populations endure
-individuals are “tragetory”
-they can die
Term
Intrinsic Rate of Increase
Definition
birth rate - death rate = intrinsic rate of increase
Birth rate must = death rate *to keep the population the same
*can calculate rate at which a population should increase
Term
Exponential Growth
Definition
*see picture*
dn/dt =rn
r = x individuals present = exponential growth
all populations have a pattern
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
(every population has one) # at which population stabilizes
- # environment can support over an indefinite amount of time
Term
Logistic (S-Shaped)
Definition
*see diagram*
Term
R-selected
-Prodigal -Opportunistic -Colonizers
Definition
(first to arrive)
*have many young (bacteria & bugs) and are fairly small in siza
*shorter life span and do not usually take care of their young
*some are only 1X reproducers (semlparity)
*EX-weeds-(monocots)
Term
K-selected
Prudent- Equilibrium -Established
Definition
( come after environment is stable)-
*Produce few young
*much larger then R-selected
*maturing has high degree of intensive parental care
*reproduce more then once (generally) interoparty
*takes longer to reach sexual maturity
*do not have the capacity to make changes
EX- red woods(dicot), California oaks, humans, panda
K-selected individuals have much better chance of survival
Term
3 Main Categories of Interaction
Definition
1.Competition
2.Predatory
3.Symbiotic
Term
competition
Definition
Where there are interactions between individuals in a population or community for the same limited resource that species are vying for.
Term
Intraspecific competition
Definition
within species
Term
Interspecific competition
Definition
with one species against another species
Term
exploitative
Definition
one species is better at getting and utilizing resources, so that others do not have access
Term
Interference
Definition
overt fighting over a resource
Term
*Principle of Competitive Exclusion*
Definition
if two species are in competition for a limited resource then 1 group will be more effective at gaining access to that resource and will eliminate other species in question.
Term
co-existance
Definition
take limited resource and divide it up(this creates diversity)
Term
NICHE
Definition
total enviroment and total way of life for all the members of a species in a community
-physical -biological-behavioral
(2 components)*habitat
*ecological niche
Term
habitat
Definition
species “living address” where do you find them
Term
ecological niche
Definition
what is the species doing to better the habitat
Term
Principles of Competitive Exclusion(POCE) may apply in some situations; but we see more COEXISTENCE with resource partitioning
WHY?
Definition
*IF POCE always existed and one species had to “WIN” it would reduce diversity
*Diversity must be maintained THEREFORE organisms use resource in different ways
Term
fundamental niche
Definition
-where determined by physiological(tolerance) limits of an organism
(Where they physically can live)
Term
Realized niche
Definition
portion of the fundamental niche that gets used
(What role it plays in the environment)
Term
Predation
Definition
*important part of biological ecology because it keeps prey at carrying capacity
EX- National Parks and over-populations of deer therefore reintroduce wolves
Term
Balance in ecosystem
Definition
If there are right number of prey at carrying capacity then the predator will be kept at there carrying capacity too!!
Term
natural defenses
Definition
*plants- thorns, bad taste, bad smell, spines
*defense- shells, hard exoskeletons, quills, bad taste, chemicals, toxins, smells (skunk), dens, evisceration, coloration
Term
Synchronized birthing
Definition
giving birth at same time so when predators do no there are an abundance of babies to eat and still some left over ( the ones that survive are probably stronger and healthier)
Term
Symbiotic
Definition
any sort of arrangement coexisting
Term
ecosystem
Definition
interactions be of all living things and how they live with the non-living world.
Term
How does energy move from one organism to another organism?
Definition
-energy really only moves in one direction-one way flow (not recycled)
-but water & mineral & ground ger recycled
Term
For most organisms SUN is the energy provider
Definition
-30% of the suns energy is lost in space
-20% lost in creating the atmosphere
-55% of suns energy is left overBUT most of it is absorbed by water & large areas of land
-1 % actually is incorporated in the process of living
-1-3% of the 1% is involved with photosynthesis
Term
FOOD CHAIN
Definition
Producers Consumers Scavengers Decomposers
sun--------X-------------X-----------------X-----------------X
Level 2ndlevel 3rd level 4th level
Term
Food web
Definition
the way the number of food chains together
Term
Productivity
Definition
Goss- (minus) energy costs(metabolic needs) = net productivity
*net productivity-energy that is available that the next organism can use @ the next trophic level
* Every time you move you have less and less energy
*about 10% of net energy is transferred over called THE 10% RULE
Term
biomagnification
Definition
Things that are introduced in the environment:BAD THINGS-DDP, PCB, CFBP
-every trophic level =higher level of concentration
-liver-keeps bad material to keep from your body
**When body can no longer hold toxins**
MAMMALS AND THEIR BREAST MILK
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