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Lesson 3
Histology
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
07/04/2012

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Term
What are the four types of tissue?
Definition
Connective tissue (connect), muscle tissue (contract), epithelial tissue (cover), and nervous tissue (conduct)
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
primary function is to line and cover stuff, individual cells are packed tightly together to form a selective barrier
Term
Characteristics of epithelial tissue:
Definition
cellularity (minimal ECF/ECM), polarity (apical and basal layers), avascularity (nutrients come from CT), innervation (nerve endings for sensation), and regeneration (cells regenerate *very* quickly)
Term
What are the four types of intercellular junctions?
Definition
tight junctions, adhering junctions,desmosomes, and gap junctions
Term
Tight junction
Definition
continuous sealed plasma membranes near the apical surface (forces materials to move through cells rather than between)
Term
Adhering Junctions
Definition
typically located deep to tight junctions, completely encircles the cell immediately adjacent to all of it's neighbors (entire length of cell, rather than just the top)
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Provide resistance at a single stress point, not entire cell
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
direct passageways for small molecules to pass between cells--not for support, but transport
Term
How to name epithelial tissue
Definition
simple vs stratified (1 or 2+ layers of cells) or pseduostratified (appear 2 layered but are 1); then squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), or columnar (rectangle). Also, transitional epithelial tissue is differently classified because it changes shapes/layers
Term
Cilia and Microvilli
Definition
hair like modifications found on apical surface; cilia are motile (move stuff like mucus around) and microvilli increase the surface area of the cell (e.g., in the kidney tubules and small intestine)
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition
Functions: diffusion and filtration; Locations: lung air sacs (aveoli), lining of capillaries, and serous membrane (allows diffusion well because so thin)
Term
Simple Cubodial Epithelium
Definition
Functions: absorption and secretion
Term
Simple Columnar epithelium
Definition
functions: absorption & secretion, but also movement (cilia attached)
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
Function: Protection (it's strong); skin is good example
Locations: areas in need of protection--lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina (intercourse/birth), Anus, and keratinized epidermis of the skin
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
Functions: protection and movement (cilia)
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
Functions: distension and relaxation of urinary structures (need to be able to change shape); Locations: ureters, bladder, and urethra
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
ducts secrete material onto an epithelial tissue surface (e.g., sweat on skin) via ducts (merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine--biggest difs are in how secretions are released)
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
ductless, cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and blood stream (i.e., hormones)
Term
Apocrine Glands
Definition
Secrete by decapitation; mammary and apocrine sweat glands (thick sweat); more proteins and lipids, so thick sweat
Term
Holocrine Glands
Definition
Entire cell disintergrates (substance comes out with all of cell materials); sebaceous glands; oils
Term
Merocrine Glands
Definition
release substances in vesicles, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and eccrine sweat glands; very watery
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
stem cell that all connective tissues come from
Term
What are the four divisions of connective tissue?
Definition
Connective tissue proper (loose and dense), bone and cartilage (supporting connective tissue, and blood (fluid connecting tissue)
Term
What are the characteristics of Connective Tissue?
Definition
cells are not tightly packed and have a wide variety (fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteocytes, erythrocytes, etc.)--not in direct contact, float in ECM.

ECM: ground substance and protein fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular (branched between two))
Term
Connective Tissue Proper--Loose connective tissue
Definition
spaced, e.g.s--areolar (surrounding vessels, nerves, etc.), adipose (subcutaneous layer and surrounding organs), and reticular (inside lymphatic organs, supporting tissue that surrounds organs)
Term
CTP--Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
more densely packed, e.g.s--regular (tendons and ligaments--all neatly lined parallel); irregular (dermis of the skin--erratic, strong in many directions, but no ultimate in any); elastic (walls of arteries--flexible)
Term
Scurvy
Definition
caused by Vit C deficiency--where normal collagen fibers cannot form--teeth and eye lenses fall out, wounds won't heal, etc.
Term
Marfan Syndrome
Definition
Joints are very flexible and weak, heart too weak, die around 50. Genetic disease, abnormalities in cartilage
Term
Gangrene
Definition
Tissues start to decompose while still alive, creating a toxic environment: dry gangrene, wet gangrene (covered in pus) and gas gangrene (bubbling up toxicity)
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