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Lectures 1-2: Histobloodhematopoeisis
Hematological/Immunological System
44
Medical
Professional
04/03/2011

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Term
percentage of plasma, leukocytes/platelets, packed erythrocytes in blood sample
Definition
plasma - 45%

hematocrit (packed erythrocytes) - 55%

leukocytes/platelets (buffy coat) - 1%

**these numbers can vary a bit
Term
in serum, the clotting factors...
Definition
have been removed
Term
erythrocyte shape and lifespan
Definition
shape - biconcave discs

lifespan - 120 days
Term
erythrocyte proteins (3)
Definition
glycophorin C - attaches underlying cytoskeleton protein network to cell membrane

band 3 protein - binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins

ankyrin
Term
ankyrin importance
Definition
anchors peripheral membrane protein lattice to lipid bilayer

w/o it, won't have efficient bi-concave shape of erythrocytes, so won't be good at gas exchange-->cell shape will thus be round-->known as spherocyte (same happens w/spectrin)
Term
Hemoglobin has how many polypeptide chains?
Definition
4 (alpha, beta, delta, and gamma each omplexed to iron-containing heme group)

**4 oxygens can be binded to 1 heme group
Term
erythropoietin produced by...
Definition
kidney
Term
neutrophils associated with...
Definition
acute bacterial infections
Term
neutrophils - number of lobes and primary granules
Definition
2 to 4 lobes

azurophilic granules (primary) - contain myelperoxidase and defensins (occur in all granulocytes, and monocytes and lymphocytes)

**myeloperoxidase used in leukemia to see type of WBC present
Term
lymphocytes associated with...
Definition
viral infections
Term
B vs T lymphocytes
Definition
B impt for antibody production (usually CD 19+, CD 20+), T cells impt for cell-mediated immunity

**CD markers - under 9 = T cell, above 9 = B cell
Term
natural killer lymphs (3)
Definition
programmed to kill tranformed cells (those infected by a virus or that turned into tumor cells)

larger than T and B lymphs w/kidney shaped nucleus

also called large granular lymphocytes
Term
cytotoxic CD8+ T lymhocytes (2)
Definition
sensitize and recognize Ags via TCRs on host cells that are infected by viruses or have become neoplastic

only recognize Ags bound to MHC 1 molecules
Term
helper CD4+ T lymphocytes
Definition
needed for induction of immune response to foreign antigens

Ag bound to MHC II molecules is presented by Ag-presenting cell (ex. macrophage) to CD4+ T cell

**CD markers must multiply to 8:

CD8-->MHC 1 (8 x 1)
CD4-->MHC 2 (4 x 2)
Term
monocytes (3)
Definition
largest WBC in peripheral blood

indented nucleus

during inflammation, they leave blood vessel at site of inflammation and transform into macrophage
Term
eosinophils associated with...(2)
Definition
allergy and asthma

parasitic infections
Term
eosinophils - structure and major proteins (major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil derived neurotoxin)
Definition
structure - biloped nucleus

MBP, ECP, and EPO have strong cytotoxic effect on protozoa and helminths; EDN causes nervous system dysfunction in parasites
Term
basophils (3)
Definition
least numerous of WBCs

Specific granules have heparin, histamine, heparin sulfate, leukotrienes - the intense basophilia of the granules relates to the high concentration of sulfates

Functionally related to mast cells – bind IgE via Fc receptors. This releases vasoactive agents from the basophil granules which are responsible for the severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
Term
platelets impt in...
Definition
bleeding and clotting

**she said Mcwhinney will cover the rest
Term
platelets aka thrombocytes (2)
Definition
anucleate cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes

during formation, small bits of cytoplasm are separated from the peripheral regions of the megakaryocyte by platelet demarcation channels
Term
Where does hematopoiesis occur in infant and adult?
Definition
infant - bone marrow of all bones

adult - bone marrow (mostly flat bones and proximal femur)

**bone marrow responsible for RBC production in all bones - if an adult has erythropoiesis, something's wrong
Term
how to calculate bone marrow cellularity
Definition
cellularity changes w/age: subtract age from 100 and add +/- 10%
Term
hematopoesis defined by...
Definition
the presence of CD34+ surface marker protein
Term
neutrophils originate from...
Definition
CFU-GEMM stem cell

**IL-3 impt in differentiation
Term
neutrophil differentiation order
Definition
myeloblast-->promyelocyte-->myelocyte-->metamyelocyte-->band-->segment

**everything starts out as "blast" then "pro," etc.
Term
myeloblast (3)
Definition
earliest recognizable neutrophil precursor in bone marrow

spherical nucleus w/3-5 nucleoli

small amnt agranular cytopasm which stains basophilic
Term
promyelocytes
Definition
large spherical nucleus w/azurophilic (primary) granules
Term
myelocytes
Definition
specific granules begin to form
Term
metamyelocytes
Definition
stage when neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil can more definitely be identified based on presence of many specific granules
Term
band (stab) - (2)
Definition
nucleus is elongated and horseshoe-like shaped

When 2 to 4 nuclear lobes are seen,
cell is mature neutrophil or POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHIL aka segmented neutrophil
Term
cannot differentiate eosinophilic or basophilic precursors form neutrophilic precurors morphpologically until...
Definition
late myelocyte stage or early metamyelocyte stage when SPECIFIC GRANULES appear
Term
erythrocytes develop from CFU-GEMM into ____ under the influence of _____
Definition
into CFU-E

under influence of erythropoeitin, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-4
Term
order of erythrocyte maturation
Definition
proerythroblast-->basophilic normoblast-->polychromatic normoblast-->orthocrhomatic normoblast-->reticulocyte-->erythrocyte
Term
proerythroblast (2)
Definition
large spherical nucleus w/1-2 nucleoli

basophilic bc of free ribosomes
Term
basophilic erythroblast (2)
Definition
smaller nucleus and more heterochromatic

cytoplasm very basophilic (bc of free ribosomes which synthesize hemoglobin)

**as hemoglobin accumulates in cytoplasm, staining w/eosin starts
Term
polychromatophilic erythroblast
Definition
shows both basophilic and acidophilic staining of cytoplasm (grey to lilac color)
Term
orthochromatophilic erythroblast (2)
Definition
cytoplasm eosinophilic bc of large amnts of hemoglobin

no longer capabale of division
Term
polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte) - (2)
Definition
ready to pass into blood sinuosoids of marrow

high amount-->bands present
Term
maturation of platelets
Definition
megakaryoblast-->promegakaryocyte-->megakaryocyte-->platelet
Term
Under influence of ______, stem cell differentiates into CFU-Meg which is committed to development into a megakaryoblast
Definition
GM-CSF and IL-3
Term
megakaryoblast
Definition
large cell w/nonlobed nucleus
Term
Under stimulation by _______, ploidy increases before chromosomal replications ceases and the cell then becomes a platelet producing _______
Definition
under stimulation by THROMBOPOEITIN...

becomes a platelet producing MEGAKARYOCYTE
Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
multilobulated nucleus and scattered azurophilic granules

***see slides 53-70 for cases/practice questions
Term
thrombocytopenia will cause...
Definition
bleeding, bruising, petechiae
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