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Lecture 7
Skeletal System
48
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/24/2012

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Term
Aipose connective tissue
Definition
Yellow marrow of the medullary cavity of long and some short bones
Term
Hyaline cartilage
Definition
articular cartilage of synovial (diarthrotic) joints
Term
All bone tissue is comprised of:
Definition
specialized connective tissue
Term
Dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
periosteum and endosteum
Term
Blood
Definition
Red marrow of the spongy (cancellous) bone
Term
Dense regular connective tissue
Definition
ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone).
Term
Axial skeleton
Definition
contains the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
Term
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
contains the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs
Term
The four bone types
Definition
-long bones
-short bones
-irregular bones
-flat bones
Term
Long bones
Definition
Longer than they are wide.
e.g. femur and humerus
Term
Short bones
Definition
Approximately as long as they are wide.
e.g. carpals and tarsals
Term
Osteology
Definition
the study of bones
Term
Functions of the skeletal system
Definition
-protection
-thermoregulation
-storage and release of calcium and phosphorus
-hematopoiesis
-skeletal muscle attachments
Term
Flat bones
Definition
Relatively thin, have broad surface.
e.g. sternum and scapula
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
Have irregular and varied shapes.
e.g. vertebrae and most skull bones
Term
Dyaphysis
Definition
Cylindrical shaft of bone
Term
Medullary cavity
Definition
Hollow inside of diaphysis.
-lined with endosteum
-yellow bone marrow
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
Ends of the bone.
-outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses
Term
Epiphyseal plate
Definition
Hyaline cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis
-lengthwise bone growth
-epiphyseal line
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of bone
-responsible for bone width growth
-perforating fibers
Term
Osteogenic cells
Definition
bone stem cells that can undergo division and eventually become osteoblasts
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
cells that build bone matrix and eventually become osteocytes
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
cells that maintain bone matrix
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
large cells that destroy matrix during remodeling processes
Term
The two principal components of matrix
Definition
-collagen protein fibers
-mineral salts
Term
Collagen protein fibers
Definition
resist stretching forces; abundant bundles of aligned fibers
Term
Mineral salts
Definition
resist compression forces; mainly calcium and phosphorus that form a hydroxyapatite crystalline structure
Term
compact bone
Definition
Outer covering on all bone types and the diaphysis of long and short bones.
Also known as cortical bone.
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
Confined to the inner portions of the epiphyses of long and short bones and the internal region of flat and irregular bones.
Also known as cancellous bone.
Term
Osteons
Definition
the structural and functional unit
of compact bone
Term
Osteons contain:
Definition
1. Osteocytes
2. Lacunae
3. Canaliculi
4. Concentric lamellae
5. Haversian canal
Term
Structures of cancellous bone
Definition
1. Osteocytes
2. Lacunae
3. Canaliculi
4. Lamellae (non-concentric)
Term
Sharpey's fibers
Definition
All structures are attached to bone and each other by enormous numbers of these collagen protein fibers
Term
metaphysis
Definition
The epiphyseal plate is known as this after complete growth plate closer in adults.
Term
The two layers of the periosteum
Definition
-periosteum proper
-osteogenic layer
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Lines the medullary cavity and has similar features to the periosteum
Term
Ossification
Definition
The formation of bone. Also called osteogenesis.
Term
The two types of ossification processes
Definition
-Intramembranous Ossification
-Endochondral Ossification
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
occurs in the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
forms all of the bones in the body except the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle
Term
The two types of bone growth
Definition
-Interstitial
-Appositional
Term
Interstitial growth
Definition
the elongation of bone
Term
Appositional growth
Definition
the increase in bone girth
Term
Zone of resting cartilage
Definition
This region is the farthest from the medullary cavity and consists of typical resting hyaline cartilage
Term
Zone of cell proliferation
Definition
Closer to the medullary cavity, this layer contains chondrocytes that actively divide and align themselves longitudinally
Term
Zone of cell hypertrophy
Definition
Chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge (i.e. undergo hypertrophy)
Term
Zone of calcification
Definition
Minerals are deposited into the matrix between columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage
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