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Lecture 6
Avian digestive and Respiratory Systems
47
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
09/26/2016

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Cards

Term
Why is hypovitaminosis A important in birds?
Definition
-essential for maintaining surface epithelium
-important for bone growth and maintaining eye pigments
Term
What are the common issues with hypovitaminosis A?
Definition
-when mucus is not secreted properly, the membranes become subject to infections
-usually die from secondary infections
Term
What kind of diet usually results in hypovitaminosis A?
Definition
-all seed diets: especially peanuts and sunflower seeds
Term
What food are high in vitamin A?
Definition
-apricots
-broccoli
-cnataloupe
-carrots
-collard greens
-mango
-nectarines
-parsley
-peaches
-sweet potatoes
-spinach
-turnip greens
-yellow squash
Term
What is proventricular dilatation disease?
Definition
-fairly common, mostly in parrots
-contagious and can result in high mortality
Term
What are the symptoms of proventricular dilatation disease?
Definition
-undigested seeds in feces and frequent regurgitation (most common)
-weight loss
-CNS involvment: ataxia, seizures
-depression
Term
What is the etiology of proventricular dilatation disease?
Definition
-avian bornavirus
Term
What is the most common parasite of birds?
Definition
-trichomonas gallinae
Term
How is trichomonas transmitted?
Definition
-to raptors when fed pigeosn
Term
What is the common name for trichomonas?
Definition
-canker
Term
What causes sour crop? What are the other names for it?
Definition
-bacteria, fungi, obstructions, hand rrearing (food the wrong temp)
-aka crop stasis, crop impaction
Term
What causes foreign body ingestion?
Definition
-birds are sometimes indiscriminate eaters
Term
Why are avian oral cavities different colors?
Definition
-for identification of babies in nests
Term
Do birds have taste buds?
Definition
-yes
Term
REVIEW SLIDE 8
Definition
Term
Where are salivary glands found in the avian oral cavity?
Definition
-along the inner margis
Term
What is the purpose of the papilla? What do they look like? If they are blunt and white what does it mean?
Definition
-mechanical swallowing aids
-usually sharp and pinkish
-vitamin A deficiency
Term
How is the avian tongue different from the mammalian tongue?
Definition
-no muscular tongue
-thus drink differently
Term
What is the choana? What should they look like?
Definition
-connects the oropharynx to the nasal cavity
-should have sharp clear edges in healthy birds
Term
How do birds keep from aspirating through the choana?
Definition
-they have mm that close it during swallowing
Term
What is the clinical significance fo the choana?
Definition
-appearance can indicate sinus infections
Term
What does the laryngeal mound do?
Definition
-closes glottis during swallowing
Term
What happens to the laryngeal mound with vitamin A deficiency?
Definition
-can swell and cause suffocation
Term
What is the infundibular cleft?
Definition
-connects with eustachian tubes to equalize rpessure
Term
What happens to infundibular cleft during infection?
Definition
-drain
Term
HOw does the avian esophagus compare the the mammalian esophagus? Why?
Definition
-proportionally larger
-because they don't chew their food
Term
What is the crop? What is its purpose?
Definition
-specialized esophageal diverticulum
-for food storage only
Term
Which type of birds do not have a crop?
Definition
-owls and waterfowl
Term
What is the purpose of regurgitation from the crop?
Definition
-for defense and to lose weight fast to gain flight
Term
What is crop milk?
Definition
-desquamization of the epi in the crop that is very rich in fat and protein
Term
What is the proventriculis? What is its purpose?
Definition
-comparable to the glandular stomach of mammals
-most well developed in predatory birds
Term
What is the gizzard? What is its purpose?
Definition
-repalces molars in birds
-covered in koilon to protect mm from ulceration
-crushes good
Term
Describe the glandular components of the gizzard.
Definition
-contain chiefe cells that rpoduce pepsin
Term
What are pellets/castings? Which birds produce these?
Definition
-pellets of regurgitated food that are formed in the gizzard
=raptors
Term
How is the avian spleen special?
Definition
-dark in color and spherical
Term
What is hte cloaca?
Definition
-chamber that receives terminal parts of the urogenital and digestive systems
Term
What are the three components of the cloaca?
Definition
-copradeum: most cranial and largest, receives feces from the LI
-Urodeum: receives deferent duct, left oviduct and ureters and products of kidneys
-Proctodeum: most caudal chamber
Term
What is the avian bursa of fabricius? When does it atrophy?
Definition
-lymphatic organ important in immune system of young birds
-atrophies after 5-6 months
Term
Why do birds need such a specialized respiratory system?
Definition
-to fly at very high altitudes
Term
How do inspire without a diaphragm?
Definition
-they have a billows-like system
Term
Grossly, describe an avian lung.
Definition
-feels like a sponge
-bright reddish orange in color
Term
Mammalian lungs have a bidirecitonal air flow. Is this also true in birds?
Definition
-NO, BIRDS HAVE A ONE-WAY AIR FLOW
Term
Mammals have some dead air in the alveoli. Is this also true in birds?
Definition
-NO, no residual air is ever in avian lungs
Term
Mammalian lungs inflate during inspiration. Is this also true in birds?
Definition
-NO, lungs inflate during expiration
Term
Mammals have a one breath cycle. Is this also true in birds?
Definition
-NO, birds have a two breath cycle
Term
Mammals do not have a counter current exchange system. Do birds?
Definition
-YES
Term
Mammals are not efficient at high altitudes. IS this also true in birds?
Definition
-NO, birds' unique resp systems allows them to be very efficient at high altitudes
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