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Lecture 15: Cardiology - Intro to the Cardiac Patient
Cardiorespiratory
30
Medical
Professional
08/26/2011

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Term
blood oxygenation in 4 chambers
Definition
left side - oxygenated

right side - deoxygenated
Term
if valves don't open well, could be due to...
Definition
stenosis
Term
if valves don't close properly, could b due to...
Definition
insufficiency, regurgitation
Term
mitral regurgitation causes what? (2)
Definition
increase in LA pressure

SOB secondary to backflow into lungs
Term
pulmonary artery carries...
Definition
venous (deoxygenated) blood to lungs
Term
pulmonary veins carry...
Definition
arterial (oxygenated) blood to LA
Term
right coronary artery goes...
Definition
around back of heart
Term
3 main coronary arteries
Definition
RCA, left cirumflex artery, LAD (circumflex and LAD from LCA)
Term
left circumflex artery goes...
Definition
around side and back of heart
Term
left anterior descending goes...
Definition
around front of heart
Term
right coronary artery runs in...
Definition
atrioventricular groove and supplies inferior wall of heart via posterior descending artery
Term
circuflex and RCA form a...
Definition
"C" in actrioventricar groove, which is segment between atria and ventricles
Term
angina
Definition
chest pain resulting from coronary spasm and/or ischemia (lack of O2) to heart
Term
stable/chronic angina
Definition
relatively consistent; pts experience condition when they reach a certain level of activity-->exacerbated by ischemia to heart
Term
unstable angina
Definition
CHANGE IN PATTERN

occurs w/progressively less exercise or stimuli - increases as condition worsens and can result in acute MI

often brought on by a coronary spasm and can present as new onsent of angina or occurring at rest
Term
PTCS before stents - despite high level of safety ass. w/PTCA, there is...(3)
Definition
10% acute and threatened closure (thrombus, dissection, vasospasm, elastic recoil)

40-60% restenosis

30% restenosis rate of repeat PTCAs

*was better than surgery in limited cases, but really wasn't that great a procedure
Term
Drug Eluting Stents

1. acute osslusion percent
2. restenosis percent
3. downside
Definition
1. acute occlusion 1%
2. restenosis 4% w/in 6 mo
3. anti-platelet therapy for at least 1 yr vs 1 month w/bare metal stents
Term
normal cardiac output
Definition
4-6 L/min
Term
CO =
Definition
SV x HR
Term
SV =
Definition
cc of blood ejected w/each heartbeat
Term
ejection fraction =

normal EF =
Definition
percentage of blood ejected from the LV w/each heartbeat

normal EF = 50-70%

**EF measures pumping ability of heart
Term
4 Functional Classes of Heart Disease (Angina or CHF)

Class I
Definition
Class I

no limitation onf physical activity

ordinary activity does not induce symptomology
Term
class II
Definition
slight limitation on pysical activity in which the pt becomes symptomatic (ex. walking up a hill)
Term
class III
Definition
marked limitation on physical activity; comfortable only at rest

*pt becomes symptomatic w/ordinary activites
Term
class IV
Definition
pt symptomatic at rest and is unable to engage in any limited activites w/o discomfort and pain-->can't engage in anything, so is just sitting there
Term
1st clinical symptom 1 sees of heart failure is...
Definition
dyspnea
Term
indication for pacemaker (1 + 3)
Definition
slow heart beat:

sick sinus syndrome (tachy-brady)

2nd degree type Ii or 3rd degree heart block

syncope secondary to prolonged HV interval
Term
sick sinus syndrome
Definition
alternating fast/slow rhythm (tachy-brady)
Term
Automatic implantable coronary defibrillator (AICD) indications (1 general + 4)
Definition
ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation

1. cardiomyopathy w/EF 35% or less
2. recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia
3. congestive heart failure (BI-V-AICD = upgraded defibrillator)
4. out of hospital "cardiac death"
Term
w/regard to pacemakers, these days most people have one that's...
Definition
built in
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