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Lecture 1
Anatomy + Exam
39
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
08/16/2016

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Cards

Term
What is the optic disc?
Definition
-the portion of the optic n that is visible on exam
Term
What is the fundus?
Definition
-coroid + retina + optic n
Term
What is special about the fundus of the eye?
Definition
-only place you can see neural tissue and blood vessels
Term
What is special about a horse's fundus? What about ruminants?
Definition
-cannot see retinal vessels in a horse
-ruminants have monster retinal vessels
Term
What is blepharospasm indicative of?
Definition
-pain
Term
What is adnexa?
Definition
-eyelids and glandular tissues that support the eyeball itself
Term
When is retropulsion contraindicated?
Definition
-ulcers
Term
What is the clinical significance of fornices?
Definition
-tend to house foreign bodies
Term
What is the purpose of testing the menace reflex? What is the afferent arm? Efferent?
Definition
-assess vision and blink
-Vision: retina, optic nerve, optic tracts, visual cortex
-Blink: facial nerve (VII), motor to eyelids
Term
What is the purpose of the palpebral reflex? Afferent arm? Efferent arm?
Definition
-assess eyelid sensation and blink
-Eyelid sensation: trigeminal nerve (V)
-Blink: facial nerve (VII), motor to eyelids
Term
Do we have the lights on or off when we test the menace reflex and palpebral refled?
Definition
-lights on
Term
Give three examples of clinical situations in which more than a menace reflex is needed to assess vision.
Definition
-puppies less than 2 weeks
-really old dogs
-cats
Term
How do we test vision other than with the menace reflex?
Definition
-cotton balls
-obstacle course
Term
What does the pupillary light reflex assess>?
Definition
-retina, optic nerve (afferent)
-parasympathetic fibers of oculomoter nerve (CN III), ciliary ganglion, iris/pupil function (efferent)
Term
True or False: The pupillary light reflexes assess vision.
Definition
-FALSE, does NOT assess vision
Term
Do we have the lights on or off to assess the pupillary light reflexes?
Definition
-off
Term
With the lights off, we use retroillumination to assess what parts of the eye? How do we do this?
Definition
-clear media: cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous
-viewing against he bright reflex of the tapetum
Term
What does a normal cornea look like?
Definition
-transparent
Term
At which angle do we view abnormalities of the cornea?
Definition
-90 degrees from light
Term
How do we evaluate the anterior chamber? What does it normally look like?
Definition
-slit beam aperture on direct ophthalmoscope for clarity and depth
-normally clear
Term
How do we evaluate the lens? What does it normally look like?
Definition
-myadriasis
-clarity and position
Term
How do we evaluate the fundus?
Definition
-indirect ophthalmoscoy, direct ophthalmoscopy, role of mydriasis
Term
What is different about the image of the fundus that results from indirect opthalmoscopy?
Definition
-inverted and reverse
Term
What are the advantages and disadvatnages of indirec tophthalmoscopy?
Definition
-Advantages: larger field of view, better view through opacitis in clear media, viewer has depth perception, farther from patient's face
-Disadvantages: image is upside down and reversed, learned technique
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct ophthalmoscopy?
Definition
-Advantages: easy to perform, image is upright, magnified image
-Disadvantages: very small field of view, any opacities interfere with view, close to patient's face
Term
To hat does fluorescein adhere? Why is this important?
Definition
-to corneal stroma, NOT to epithelium or Descemet's membrane
-a fluorescein stain will be negative if you are all the way down to Descemet's membrane
Term
Describe the results of a positive fluorescein stain.
Definition
-stain comes out the nose
-means patent nasolacrimal system
Term
Describe the results of a negative fluorescein stain.
Definition
-no fluorescein comes out the nose
-UNDETERMINED patency of nasolacrimal system
Term
To what does rose bengal stain adhere to?
Definition
-dead or devitalized epithelial cells
Term
What do we use rose bengal stain for?
Definition
-detection of early loss of corneal epithelial cells: FHV, EHV, early fungal infection of the cornea
Term
Is it preferable to anesthetize a culture fo the eye?
Definition
-preferable to not
Term
For the cornea, what do we culture?
Definition
-the LESION
Term
Why would we culture the conjunctiva of the eye?
Definition
-only culture if ruling out chlamydophila or mycoplasma in small ruminants or cats
Term
True or False: Always culture ocular discharge.
Definition
-No, neber
Term
What are the indications of ocular cytology?
Definition
-to diagnose corneal fungal infections
-to diagnose bacterial corneal infections before culture results (inculde gram stain)
-to assess cellular population (inflammatory, neoplastic, suppurativ)
Term
What is the primary site used for ocular cytology? Secondary site>
Definition
-cornea
-conjunctiva
Term
Do we use anesthetic for ocular cytology?
Definition
-yes (proparacaine)
Term
What do we use to gather a corneal cytology sample? What about a conjunctival one?
Definition
-cytobrush
-handle attachment end of a #10 or #15 blade, spatula, or cytobrush
Term
What are the advantages of a cytobrush?
Definition
-easy to use
-cannot damage cornea
-make excellent quality slides
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