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Learning
Study
40
Psychology
12th Grade
04/15/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
LEARNING
Definition
aquisition of new behavior
Term
AQUISITION
Definition
to get a new behavior
Term
EXTINCTION
Definition
you have learned behavior and you no longer exhibit that behavior
Term
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Definition
Behavior was extinct and reappears
Term
GENERALIZATION
Definition
not able to distinguish between stimuli
Term

SECOND-ORDER

(Higher-Order Conditioning)

Definition
  • Using the new CS as an US to condition subject to a new NS
  • Example: If Pavlov paired the ringing bell with a red light so the dogs now salivate at the sight of the light

 

 

 

Term
DISCRIMINATION
Definition
can distinguish between different stimuli
Term
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Definition

connecting two stimuli and expect a response

ex: dogs learning to salivate at bell before given food

Term
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
Definition
natural response to a stimuli
Term
UNCONDITIONED STIMULI
Definition
what subject naturally responds to
Term
CONDITIONED RESPONSE
Definition
learned response
Term
CONDITIONED STIMULI
Definition
what the subject learns to respond to
Term
AVERSIVE CONDITIONING
Definition
a stimuli causes a negative emotion/experience and you learn to avoid that stimuli
Term
LEARNED TASTE AVERSION
Definition
  • after ingesting food if a person becomes sick they will learn to associate the food with becoming ill and not like the food
Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Definition
  • learning to respond to consequences
Term
LAW OF EFFECT
Definition
  • If you reward behavior it will recurr 
Term
INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING
Definition
  • learning in which consequences determine future behavior
Term
SKINNER BOX
Definition
  • used by BF Skinner to operantly condition rats to push a lever.
    • rats would continue to push level when positively rewarded with food
Term
REINFORCER
Definition
anything that increases behavior
Term
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Definition
adding a stimulus to the situation and in response the behavior increases
Term
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Definition
  • Taking away a stimulus to encourage behavior
    • ex: if a class behaves you reward them with no homework!

 

 

Term
PUNISHMENT
Definition
any consequence that decreases behavior
Term
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Definition

adding a stimulus that will decrease behavior

(i.e.: spanking)

Term

OMMISSION TRAINING

(Negative Punishment)

Definition
  • Taking a stimulus away to decrease behavior
    • Ex: taking away a child's toy until they stop screaming
Term
SHAPING
Definition
  • Taking steps to reach large goal (rewarding after each step is complete)
    • large goal: spiking a volleyball, reward small steps until you reach the ultimate goal
Term
CHAINING
Definition
  • linking several smaller goals to reach a large goal
    • ex: teach someone how to perform a dance, you first break it into smaller parts and reward the dancer after they complete each part correctly
Term
PRIMARY REINFORCERS
Definition
  • reinforcers people/animals intuitively respond to
    • food, compassion, attention, etc.
Term
SECONDARY REINFORCERS
Definition
  • reinforcers a person/animal has to learn to respond to
      • money, toys, trophies, etc.
Term
GENERALIZED REINFORCERS
Definition
  • Reinforcers that virtually everyone accepts
    • money
Term
TOKEN ECONOMY
Definition
  • every time a person does a desired behavior they receive a "token" or money
    • ex: in classes where you receive "bonus bucks" for answering questions correctly
Term
INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
Definition
  • interval schedules are based on time frames
    • Fixed interval: specific amount of time must pass before target behavior is rewarded
    • Variable interval: a range of time must pass before target behavior is rewarded
Term
RATIO REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE
Definition
  • reinforcer is given after a set number of target responses
    • Fixed ratio: after a specific number of responses you reinforce
    • Variable ratio: after a range of responses you reinforce
Term
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
Definition
  • reinforce after each targeted response
    • used to teach new behaviors
    • extinguishes quickly
Term
PARTIAL-REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
Definition

when using partial reinforcement behavior is less likely to become extinct

Term
INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
Definition
  • subjects will naturally "drift" back to natural instincts
Term
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Definition
  • learning behaviors by observing others
Term
LATENT LEARNING
Definition
  • learning that becomes obvious only when reinforcement is presented
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