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Learning
T2 Material, Instrumental Learning
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/19/2013

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Cards

Term
Which of the following are names for instrumental learning?
instrumental conditioning
operant learning
goal directed learning
Definition
instrumental learning = inst. cond., oper. learning, and goal directed...all of above
Term
Instrumental learning
Definition
learning an association between a behavior (the "instrumental response") and the outcome (called the "reinforcer")
Term
In the definition of instrumental learning, a behavior is the ? and the outcome is the ?...
Definition
behavior=instrumental response; outcome =reinforcer
Term
In Instrumental learning, reward learning is also called
Definition
positive reinforcement
Term
Instrumental learning: avoidance learning is also called
Definition
negative reinforcement; the final reinforcer is punishment
Term
Edward L. Thorndike characterized learning as ... (1 through 5)
Definition
1. trial and error
2. gradual rather than sudden
3. learned responses and habits, NOT knowledge
4. law of effect
5. stereotyped repetitive behavior
Term
Discriminitive Stimulus (S^D)
Definition
a cue telling you when to make the response
Term
List the 3 elememtns involved in instrumnetal learning
Definition
S^D--response--reinforcer
Term
Who introduced operant learning and what method did he use to study this
Definition
BF SKinner, skinner boxes and rat maze
Term
Definition: operant conditioning according to Skinner
Definition
organism operates the environment to produce rewards
Term
How have we tested instrumnetal learning in humans?
Definition
1. Infant leg-movem't; Rovee Collier
leg kicks control overhead mobile

2. Infant head turning (Werker)
recog. a specific language sound as the cue- response look to right, reiforcement dancing toys

'3. Human choice games
Term
In instrumental learning, when is knowledge learned?
Definition
When response is intentional: if you want the reward, make the response
(Kohler)
Term
In instrumnetal learning, when are habits conditioned?
Definition
When response is habitual: in the presence of the S^D, response is made automatically (E.L. Thorndike)
Term
Explain how Thorndike's characterized instrumnetal learning
Definition
Learning is habitual
-trial and error
-stereotype
-gradual rather than suddenly learned
-thorndike's law of effect
Term
Explain how Kohler characterized instrumental learning
Definition
Learning is intentional/ knowledge, a reaction against Thorndike's Trial and error learning

-not gradual, a sudden mental solution
-not trial and error
-not reinforcement
-not association
-12not superstitious
Term
Reward training
Definition
a response is paired with a reward (pos. reinforcement)
Term
Shaping
Definition
shape unusual behavior with successive approximations, gradual rewards, and differential reinforcement
Term
Define Instrumental response, reinforcer, and S^D
Definition
Instrumental response= behavior that you want animal to acheive

Reinforcer=the outcome that motivates the behavior

S^D= room or context cues LIKE TONE AND LIGHT that help animal acheive instrumental response
Term
Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in the MORRIS WATER MAZE
Definition
IR= swimming to platform
R= avoid fear/drowning
SD= room cues like from window or sounds
Term
Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in the ROVEE COLLIER EXPERIMENT
Definition
IR= moving leg
R= moving the mobile
Term
Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in Werker's Infant Head turning experiment
Definition
IR= turn head
R= dancing toys
SD= change in lang. sound
Term
Who was researcher behind the INFANT HEAD TURNING experiements
Definition
Werker
Term
Who was the researcher behind the INFANT LEG MOVEM'T experimentes
Definition
Rovee-Collier
Term
Who was the researcher behind the WATER MAZE experiments
Definition
MORRIS
Term
In the context of Instrumental Learning, what does contingency mean?
Definition
You only get the reward if you make the right response
Term
Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in the SKINNER BOX
Definition
IR= bar press
R= food
S^D= light or tone
Term
Whst 3 important factor determine if instruental learning wwill occur?
Definition
1. frequency
2. contiguity
3. contingency
Term
What are reward/reinforcement variables?
Definition
involves quality v. quantity, immediacy v. delay, and continuous v. partial rewards
Term
Which reward/reinforcement variable lead to more learning (i.e. bar pressing)?
Definition
tasty, immediate, and continuous rewards lead to more bar pressing (vs. large, delayed, partial rewards)
Term
Which researcher studied rewards and self-control?
Definition
Walter Mischel
Term
Self control can be trained by gradually ____ the delay interval; or by ____ the larger reward
Definition
lengthening (inc);decreasing
Term
Which researcher studied self-control using the MARSHMALLOW TEST?
Definition
Walter Mischel
Term
In class, we saw that a researcher used ____ to train a squirell to water skii
Definition
shaping
Term
In context of instrumental learning and reinforcement, extinction means that we can stop instrumental learning by removing the ______.
Definition
reinforcer
Term
Sometimes extinction seems not to work for 3 reasons. What are they?
Definition
1. extinction burst (resp. temp. inc)
2. negative emotions (anger & frus.)
3. spontaneous recovery (if reward is not immediately removed)
Term
Secondary reinforcer
Definition
a neutral stimulii that becomes reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Term
If a tone is paired w/ food, it becomes a reinforcer; this is an example of a ____ or a ____ ______
Definition
secondary or token reinforcer
Term
praise and acknowledgment are examples of _____ reinforcers
Definition
social
Term
This is the term when people compare and contrast the present award to a previous bigger award
Definition
cotrast effects
Term
Why are reinforcers reinforcing?
Definition
incintives motivate ppl
reinforcers as behvrs (premack princ.)
reinforcers are strentheners (arous)
reinforcers convey information
Term
T or F:Reinforcement is absolutely necessary for learning
Definition
False
Term
T or F:Reinforcement is absolutely necessary for learning
Definition
False
Term
What does the S delta signify?
Definition
cue that signals when not to make a response, when the behavior will not be rewarded
Term
Which researcher used errorless discrimination to teach school children to differentiate between similar sounds?
Definition
Paula Tallal
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