Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Learning
conditioning
46
Physiology
11th Grade
11/28/2012

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs, classical conditioning
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Term
conditioned response
Definition
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Term
extinction
Definition
extinctiona conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and response fades
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Term
generalization
Definition
transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus. (different tones
Term
stimulus discrimination
Definition
process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimul
Term
aversive stimuli
Definition
physical or psychological discomfort stimuli that an organism seeks to escape or avoid.
Term
John Watson
Definition
Founder of behaviorism
Term
phobia
Definition
fear
Term
Little Albert
Definition
subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles
Term
counterconditioning
Definition
a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Term
Edward Thorndike
Definition
Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
Term
vicarious conditioning
Definition
classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. living vicariously
Term
Garcia effect
Definition
Named after researcher John Garcia, it is basically food aversion that occurs when people attribute illness to a particular food.
Term
latent learning
Definition
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Term
Tolman
Definition
cognition; studied rats and discovered the "cognitive map" in rats and humans
Term
operant learning
Definition
depends on what happens after the response( in classical conditioning it's what happens before the response)
Term
Skinner
Definition
United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. stopping an annoying stim
Term
extrinsic motivation
Definition
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishmen
Term
intrinsic motivation
Definition
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Term
positive punishment
Definition
the application of an aversive stimulus after a response. spanking
Term
negative punishment
Definition
punishment that occurs with the removal of a stimulus. grounding.
Term
instinctive drift
Definition
The tendency for an animal's innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes.
Term
Premack principal
Definition
reinforcement depends on the situation; rewards vary with individual
Term
Wolfgang Kohler
Definition
researcher who studied insight learning in chimps
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Term
secondary reinforcer
Definition
a reinforcement that represents a primary enforcer such as Money. Green paper has no actual value but it represents things you can buy.
Term
behavior modification
Definition
psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
Term
fixed ratio reinforcement
Definition
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Term
variable ratio reinforcement
Definition
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Term
fixed interval reinforcement
Definition
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Term
variable interval reinforcement
Definition
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.
Term
shaping
Definition
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Term
chaining
Definition
in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action
Term
observational learning
Definition
learning by watching others
Term
backward conditioning
Definition
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the unconditioned stimulus on each trial
Term
delayed conditioning
Definition
conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap
Term
modeling
Definition
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Supporting users have an ad free experience!