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Learning Ch 5
UC Davis Psych 1
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/09/2010

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Term
Learning
Definition
A change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience
Term
Habituation
Definition
Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli. Simplest form of learning.(The clothes on your skin, buzzing of lights )
Term
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian)
Definition
Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response. (Meat powder and the ticker)
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus.(The metronome, or bell)
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
Stimulus that elicits an automatic response.(Meat powder)
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned. (Salivation)
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning. (bell alone, elicited salivation response)
Term
Acquisition
Definition
Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established.
Term
Extinction
Definition
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response.
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
Displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.
Term
Higher-order Conditioning
Definition
- Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior. (Using a fish as a treat, dolphin jumps through a hoop and is rewarded)
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future.
Term
Insight
Definition
Grasping the nature of a problem
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement- Outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
Term
Punishment
Definition
Outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior
Term
Schedule Reinforcement
Definition
Pattern of reinforcing a behavior.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement
Term
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses (Giving a rat a pellet after every 15 times it presses the lever in a skinner box)
Term
Fixed Interval Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval (paying a worker at the same time every friday for producing at least 1 toy a week)
Term
Variable Ratio Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly.
Term
Variable Interval Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
Term
Discriminative stimulus
Definition
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
Only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually
Term
Shaping by Successive Approximations
Definition
Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
Principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior
Term
Secondary Reinforcers
Definition
Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
Item or outcome that naturally increases target behavior
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that is not directly observable
Term
Cognitive Maps
Definition
Mental representation of how a physical space is organized
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning by watching others
Term
Equipotentiality
Definition
Assumption that an conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus
Term
Prepared learning
Definition
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value
Term
Instinctive drift
Definition
Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
Term
Learning Style
Definition
An individuals preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information
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