Term
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Definition
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conventional proportion description= Cement:fine aggregate:coarse aggregate. Generally 1:2:3. Weight when wet:150 lbs/sqft. Mix determined by desired compressive strength after 28 days.
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Term
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Definition
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must be inert (no organic materials, clay silt or salt) dimensionally stable (not susceptible to breaking down). Need a spectrum of sizes to fill all gaps. 2 classes of size: -fine aggregate: sand to 1/4", coarse aggregate: 1/4" to 2". Max size is < 1/5th the wall thickness or 1/3 the slab thickness. more of this=less strength and cost.
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Term
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Definition
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must be pretty pure, not acid or base. More water=less strength. colder water=slower process. generally 6-7 gallons of water/bag of cement. Calculations should include any water on aggregates.
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Term
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Definition
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additives that can increase workability, resistance to freezing and weathering, chemicals and curing rate.
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete additive to increase workability and strengthen the bond of the concrete to the reinforcing,
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete admixture used to reduce permeability of water and resist sulfates
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete admixture to increase workability of mortar for masonry
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete admixture to slow hardening so it remains workable longer. Good for use with exposed aggregate paving and during hot weather when temp causes initial set too rapidly.
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Term
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Definition
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a concrete admixture that induce air into concrete, increase resistance to freezing and plasticity, reduce compression strength and weight. Best around7%.
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Term
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Definition
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chemical process (hydration) stops when all water evaporates away. colder water=slower hydration. frozen water=no hydration. hydration builds the concrete's strength. 40 to 50 degrees f minimum temp for curing.
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Term
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Definition
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Minimum concrete thickness of 4" to permit 2" minimum coverage of steel with concrete. Used for walls, foundations, structural slabs, columns. Factors= -location of rebar: tensile areas. -Bonding: steel must be clean and all rust, dirt, oil removed. -proximity to surface: minimum of 1.2" , 2" preferred.-exposed surfaces: reinforce faces where lots of temp changes happen, faces of retaining walls, etc.
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Term
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Definition
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for reinforced concrete. Sizes are multiples of 1/8": ex, #4=1/2" because 4 X 1/8"=1/2". Generally made of intermediate-grade new billit-steel".
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete reinforcement. Welded wire mesh. Best for conc. slabs and round columns. Generally for temperature reinforcement; must stand up to longitudinal forces and bending forces. Size expressed in spacing of wires and gauge of wire:(6 x 6 or 6" on center both ways and 6/6 or both wires gauge 6.
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Term
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Definition
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minimum concrete thickness of 3" but 4" is preferred. Used for pavement, footings.
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Term
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Definition
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thicker first pour, shredded level and surface left rough. While it is still green (for better bond), 2nd, thinner wearing course, generally a finer mix, is poured.
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete pavements have a tendency to crack through the line of least dimension. This tendency should be a determinant in locating joints. Consider aesthetics when placing joints. Two types: control joints and expansion joints.
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Term
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Definition
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Type of Control joint carved into wet concrete, rounded bottom
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Term
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Definition
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Type of Control joint in concrete spanned by a dowel
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Term
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Definition
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Type of Control joint in concrete where edges of slabs are shaped to fit together to prevent vertical movement
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Term
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Definition
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in concrete where slabs angle down and thicken at joint to be better anchored in subgrade.
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Term
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Definition
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Plan ahead so construction ends when they need an expansion joint anyway.
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Term
| -Control (contraction) joint |
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Definition
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maximum spacing for non-reinforced walks 10' on center, recommended minimum depth 3/4" or 1/5 of the total concrete thickness.
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete can be installed at flatter gradient than other pavements due to the high degree of accuracy with which formwork can be controlled. Minimum slopes of 1% are recommended for surface drainage, lower minimum slopes of 1/2% may be used when apparent surface warping is not desired.
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Term
| Concrete Subgrade preparation |
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Definition
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All unsuitable material (ie any material containing vegetable or organic matter; such as peat muck, organic silt, topsiol or sod) should be removed prior to installation of the pavement.
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Term
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Definition
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lateral or vertical displacement of subgrade causing weakening of soil's structure). Minimize disturbance of subgrade with equipment to minimize.
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Term
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Definition
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concrete subgrade underdrain into storm water man hole
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Term
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Definition
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concrete subgrade extension of foundation course at regular intervals to allow movement through impervious soils to swale.
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Term
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Definition
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Used in Concrete Forming to prevent sticking to forms.
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Term
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Definition
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removing excess beyond concrete forms, bringing to grade.
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Term
| bull floating or darbying |
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Definition
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level ridges and fill voids left by straightedge during striking off.
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Term
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Definition
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stone or tool rounds and straightens edge to prevent chipping, compact edges.
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Term
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Definition
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method of finishing concrete. removes imperfections left by previous operations, embeds large aggregate just below surface and compacts concrete and consolidates mortar at surface for further finishing. Introduce surface pattern, if this is the final finish.
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Term
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Definition
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method of finishing concrete. Creating smooth hard surface from steel magnesium or aluminum tool.
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Term
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Definition
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method of finishing concrete. Texture, non-slip surface, but can impede drainage.
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Term
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Definition
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concrete surface color after preliminary floating and edging
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Term
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Definition
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exposed ag finish. after bullfloating and/or darbying spread agg evenly and embed by tamping w/ wood float or darby. After hardening, wet and brush to expose agg.
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Term
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Definition
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stamping patterns into surface prior to hardening
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Term
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Definition
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wet coverings or sprinklers to offset loss of surface moisture of new concrete while interior has a chance to dry out. Popular effective method. Don't let water pour down surface; weaken material.
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Term
| Sealing on curing concrete |
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Definition
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plastic sheeting, waterproof paper, or compounds placed on curing concrete to even out water loss.
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Term
| cold weather concrete curing |
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Definition
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heating the mix, insulated blankets, high early strength concrete mix. 40 to 50 degrees min must be maintained through mixing, pouring, curing. most strength develops during first 28 days.
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Term
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Definition
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Concrete test. consistency and plasticity. 12" high open-ended truncated cone filled with mix, removed. measure change in height
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Term
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Definition
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predicts strength of concrete pour. compression strength of sample poured from same batch as pour. conc. poured in a cylindrical form.
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Term
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Definition
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flexible pavement. surfaces resting on untreated soil mixes, like stone pebbles or crushed rock combined with fine material; generally placed on loose and compacted to 6" depth with a 3/8" to 1/2" cross slope.
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Term
| Sandy-clay stabilized surfaces |
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Definition
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controlled mix of local soil and minerals, generally thicker, finished depth to 8", economical and suitable for traffic to 5oo vehicles a day. also excellent base for certain pavements.
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Term
| Soil stabilization surfaces |
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Definition
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unsatisfactory subgrade soils can be altered by admixtures to create suitable subbase, bases and sometimes surface courses, there are several methods. 2 most common: soil cement and lime stabilization.
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Term
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Definition
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soil stabilization method suitable for warm climates and granular material and some clays.
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Term
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Definition
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low viscosity liquid asphalt to an absorbent surface to prepare an untreated base for an asphalt surface, plugging voids, hardening top and binding it to overlying asphalt course.
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Term
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Definition
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light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. asphalt emulsion diluted with water is preferred type. for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
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Term
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Definition
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from lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
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Term
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Definition
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impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as veneer. paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
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Term
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Definition
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variety of surfaces and finishes, high strength but low tensile strength, resistant to chemicals and abrasion, used as a veneer or paver.
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Term
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Definition
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sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, drystone wall, variety of forms(cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Term
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Definition
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metamorphic or sedimentary?, abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious,
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Term
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Definition
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impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch(chips)
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Term
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Definition
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can be hollow(between 25% and 40%
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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solid. High compressive strength, variety of sizes and shapes, low permeability, wide range of tensile strength (also dependant on installation). Specification: spec type, grade, quality, finish, sand mold, and size (ex facing brick, grade mw, texture: extruded, 4"x8"x2"). for consistent color, require all brick from the same firing.
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Term
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Definition
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choose it based on type of strength needed. same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime.comes in types: N, S, M, and O.
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Term
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Definition
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medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade
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Term
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Definition
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high tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry , or non-reinforced if max flex strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer
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Term
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Definition
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high compressive strength and greater durability than other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
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Term
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Definition
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interior use, low strength.
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Term
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Definition
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The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick or both. damage face.
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Term
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Definition
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cellulose material with variable characteristics. failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting,
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Term
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Definition
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can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
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Term
| surface treatment of wood |
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Definition
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dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
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Term
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Definition
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chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. some won't take a stain or paint (eg, petroleum carriers). some may leach out if buried. some discolor wood. Creosote
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Term
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Definition
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pine and doug fir, generally. redwood and cedar for siding. glue comes in interior and exterior grades. a given thickness may be made up of different numbers of layers. Eg: 1/2" could be 3, 4 or 5 plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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solid surface, up to 1"knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips
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Term
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Definition
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splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1 1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets(open
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Term
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Definition
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many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes
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Term
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Definition
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Smooth surface, intended for natural finish
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Term
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Definition
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would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
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Term
| conventional wood construction |
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Definition
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a structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for exposure to nature. two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
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Term
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Definition
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structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timbers spaced farther apart than conventional. preferred for exterior use because *larger timber is more weather resistant and of a better scale*less labor=less cost,*no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: accommodates drainage with sloping and weather proofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart
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Term
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Definition
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Wood construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. load bearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. rafter span: dependant upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. max overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live and dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. post sizing. load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for that load.
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Term
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Definition
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are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. footings should be below freeze thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in cali and florida. Generally footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
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Term
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Definition
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post structural members. various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing posts to slaves of concrete footings.
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Term
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Definition
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depends on loading (live and dead), beam spacing, and sizing, joist spacing and sizing and decking size and spacing. Span, spacing and connections are inseparable variables influenced by the above and species and grade.
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Term
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Definition
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function: Secondary beams provide rigidity and a fastening surface for above. Placement: on-edge atop a beam or hung between beams. With thin members(2") the tendency to twist or fall flat increases with length requiring the use of blocking or bridging.
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Term
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Definition
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blocks are boards the same height as the joists they support, exactly the length of the space between those joists. They are inserted between the joists and aligned with each other. They help prevent twisting
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Term
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Definition
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bridging takes smaller pieces of wood, two in each space between joists. one goes from the top of joist 1 to the bottom of joist two and the other, next to it goes from the top of joist two to the bottom of joist 1. Similar arrangements happen in a line between all the joists in a line. It also prevents twisting
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Term
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Definition
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"bracing uses diagonal members to the depth of the connection between columns or posts.? length of diagonal must be increased as height of post or load is increased. can be designed as compressive members(rigid) or tension members(cables). rigid sheathing can be substituted between posts for bracing. acts on the principle of a truss
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Term
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Definition
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plates beams, tubing, bars. caries in strength, resistance to oxidation and cost dependant upon process. ability to hold paint, ease of welding, drilling vary.
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Term
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Definition
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specialties, sheets and coils. more expensive and more specialized. resistant to oxidation and corrosion.
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Term
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Definition
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sheet, coil, tubing, bars and specialties light, lightpoles. very expensive. less strength. specialized welding and must be coated to protect from o2.
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Term
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Definition
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bar shock, specialties. and copper: Piping, wire, sheets, coils, specialties. resistant to corrosion.
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Term
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Definition
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piping specialties. drainage structures, frames, grates, covers, backwater valves, traps, hoods and steps. long life and high strength.
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Term
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Definition
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zinc coating for steel. applied by dipping in solution with an electrical charge or cold applied. varies in smoothness and finish. long lasting if not damages. needs special treatment to hold paint. chain link , guide railing, special nails an bolts, hangers, water pipes.
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Term
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Definition
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metallic coating that may or may not be more expensive in certain locations in relation to galvanizing. not as durable in wet or corrosive atmospheres. cadmium is used on nuts and bolts and hardware items.
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Term
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Definition
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short lifespan, dependant upon quality of material, application and surface prep. poor resistance to chipping. high maintenance. on steel a fish oil base paint is often used to provide rust resisting qualities. electro-chemically applied sometimes=more permanent. weathering steel(cortex) is good with paint because if paint surface breaks, metal underneath is already oxidized.
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Term
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Definition
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for aluminum as a satin spot matte, or polished surface. brass, chrome, nickel, copper.
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Term
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Definition
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should go all the way through the metal! not just on surface.
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Term
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Definition
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spots of welding along a seam.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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euorpean systems based on metric sys. like astm
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Term
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Definition
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euorpean systems based on metric sys. like astm
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Term
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Definition
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american society for testing materials. covers concrete.
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Term
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Definition
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canadian standard association. like astm
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Term
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Definition
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American national standards institute
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Term
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Definition
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American nursury and landscape association(formerly the american association of nurserymen. standards for health, size, shape, and vigor of plant materials.
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Term
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Definition
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Construction specification institiute
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Term
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Definition
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American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials developed a system of soil classification based on suitability for highway construction.
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Term
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Definition
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United States Department of Agriculture
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Term
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Definition
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Americans with disabilities act
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Term
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Definition
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Center for disease control
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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asphalt treated base: good for working under wet or cold weather by reducing subgrade degradation, erosion, costs for cleanup.
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Term
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Definition
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long galvanized-metal nail that is driven down through a timber and into the timber or timbers below, to strengthen a structure and fasten the timber in place.
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Term
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Definition
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wall tile: used in masonry products.
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Term
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Definition
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used in formwork of a concrete wall or foundation.
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Term
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Definition
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connect wood to foundation or wall, preferably in new conc.
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Term
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Definition
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used for soils in determination of footing size.
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Term
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Definition
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below floor slabs and building foundations or anything that needs an especially stable base.
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Term
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Definition
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made up of working drawings, specifications, general conditions, and a form of agreement.
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Term
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Definition
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part of contract documents
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Term
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Definition
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part of contract documents
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Term
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Definition
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part of contract documents
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Term
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Definition
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signature page, part of contract documents
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Term
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Definition
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part of construction plans, includes client names, consultant names, property legal descriptions vicinity map, and project name.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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The part of the masonry wall behind the exterior facing. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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the process of recessing or sloping a wall back in successive courses. the opposite or corbel. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
Bond: structural tensile pattern |
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Definition
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Structural bond refers to tying a Masonry wall together by lapping units one over another or by connecting them with metal ties. Tensile bond refers to adhesion between the mortar and masonry units or their reinforcement. Pattern bond refers to patterns formed by the exposed faces of units. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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A shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry out from the face of the wall. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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Unfired clay brick or other clay products which can be sculpted before they are dried and fired. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The application of mortar to the face or back of a masonry, sometimes called back-plastering. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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Troweling mortar into a joint after the masonry unit is laid. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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Projecting brick or block in alternate courses to provide for a bond with the adjoining masonry that will be laid later. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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Involves refilling mortar joints that have been cut or have fallen out of existing masonry. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The stress resulting from the forces acting on the beam and the reaction of hte supports. The bending moment at any section in the beam is the sum of the moments on either side of the section. Expressed in inch-pounds. -Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The tendency of a member to deform when placed under a load; present in all structures regardless of the material or magnitude of the load. Common acceptable limits of deflection range from 1/200th to 1/360th the effective span of the member in question. Expressed in inches (in). Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
| Extreme fiber stress in bending (fB) |
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Definition
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A measure of inherent strength in a species and grade of lumber. Expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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Dead load is the weight of the materials in the structure, including permanently attached fixtures and equipment. Live load is the weight of the people using the structure, the moveable furniture and equipment, snow, water, ice, and wind. Expressed in pounds per square foot (psf). Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
| Modules of elasticity (E) |
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Definition
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A measure of how much a material deforms in relation to the load applied. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The tendancy of a force to cause rotation about an axis. Moment is the product of a force and a distance. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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the perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to the point being acted on. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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An abstract measure described as the sum of all the products of all infinately small areas times the square of their distances from the neutral surface of the beam. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The ratio of the moment of intertia to the distance of the most remote fiber in the beam. Expressed in cubic inches (in3).
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Term
| Span versus effective span (L) |
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Definition
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Span refers to center-to-center measurement. Effective span refers to the distance measured between supports. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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a type of cut stone typically selected from stratified rock such as limestone, sandstone and shale. Used for building solid walls. Ashlar is also a name for masonry made of squared stone laid in a random or coursed pattern, called coursed ashlar. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The lowest level in soil that frosts or freezes. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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A single brick or course of bricks turned to span the width of the wall. Headers tie two side by side tiers of bricks together. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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abbreviation for reinforcing bar, sometimes referred to as rods. Round, steel bars placed in concrete and unit masonry walls for reinforcement purposes. Sized in 1/8" increments ex: a #4 is 1/2". Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
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The width of one course of common bricks Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
a quantity of cement that weighs 94 lbs.
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Term
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Definition
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appearance of excess water rising to the surface shortly after the placing of concrete. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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Definition
numerous fine hair cracks in the surface of a newly hardened slab.
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Term
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Definition
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appearance of a powdery material at the surface of a hardened concrete slab, probably caused improper curing. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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Term
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a fluid mixture of cemet, water and sand of casting consistency Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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heat created during the hardening process of concrete Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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the chemical reaction of water and cement that produces a hardened concrete. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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a cement that can set or harden while under water Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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concrete placed in one continuous cast without joints Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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a mixture of cement and water (no aggregate) Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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the act of putting concrete in position( sometimes incorrectly referred to as pouring) Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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easily molded concrete that will change its form slowly only if the mold is removed Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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concrete subjected to stretching (or stressing) of reinforcing bars or cables within, thereby developing greater stength, stiffness and crack resistance in the concrete. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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concrete components which are cast and cured off-site or in a factory before being placed into their final position. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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compacting concrete with a spade, rod or other tool Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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concrete mixed at a central plant or in trucks enroute to the job and delivered ready to be placed Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab(to a depth about 1/16 to 3/16th of an inch, usually occuring at an early age of the slab. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture
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partial cutting of concrete to control shrinkage and cracking. Also used to denote the roughening of a base slab to develop a stronger mechanical bond with a finish slab, etc. Time-Saver | |
