Term
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Definition
Units used to measure the velocity of water in a pipe.
*Pipe's diameter and material will affect the velocity of the water flowing through it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| At least 42" inches high. |
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Term
| Goals of Landscape Lighting |
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Definition
1. Provide safety for the user
2. Encourage the use of the space at night
3. Provide legibility of nodes (i.e. focal points) for people using the space at night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most critical factor to lighting design in recreational facilities. |
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Term
| 3 Soil property aspects for consideration when planning and designing a site: |
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Definition
1. Physical
2. Site Engineering
3. Horticultural |
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Term
| Compaction results of urban environments: |
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Definition
-Reduced oxygen exchange
-Lower infiltration rates
-Reduced soil organics |
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Term
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Definition
| United States Department of Agriculture's hardiness zone map gives a general indication of what species will grow in what climatic conditions around the country. |
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Term
| Common design component of all retaining walls: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Coating applied to nails used in exterior applications to reduce rust. |
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Term
| Max designable height of a retaining wall without a structural engineer: |
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Definition
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Term
| Proper method to measure the height of retaining wall: |
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Definition
| From the bottom of the footing, including rocks and concrete units buried below the lower finish grade of the soil, to the top of the wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area where all plantings must be under 30 inches so that drivers have clear visibility of oncoming traffic and pedestrians. Dimensions depend on speed of the road. |
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Term
| Installation of lighting: |
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Definition
-Low-voltage lighting: licensed landscape contractor with limited permit requirements
-High-voltage & Sports-field lighting: licensed electrical contractor, requires issuance of electrical permit |
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Term
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Definition
| Installed between the subgrade and base course material in applications that have poor soils conditions in the subgrade. Fabric keeps the subgrade from migrating upward and keeps the base material from migrating or being lost into the subgrade. |
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Term
| Best time to plant a majority of planting materials: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The American Nursery and Landscape Association (formerly the American Association of Nurserymen) is the governing body recognized as setting the standards for the health, size, shape and vigor of plant materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| American National Standards Institute |
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Term
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Definition
| American Society for Testing and Materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Construction Specifications Institute |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the establishment of plant materials on hillsides, or on the banks of streams, canals or ponds to control erosion and prevent excessive runoff. *A successful bioengineering project will use live stakes and small plants and will involve collaboration with other design professionals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water-based product and would be best suited to an exterior environment that is NOT exposed to weather |
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Term
| Oil-based, or Polyurethane, products -- such as transparent stain or alkyd paint |
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Definition
| Appropriate for use in an exterior exposed installation condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A function of the soil, water, and footing or foundation, and how they interact with each other (i.e. slip forces, downward pressures, compaction around the footing, etc.) |
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Term
| Preparing a planting hole: |
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Definition
| Make the hole shallow and wide. This allows sufficient air and moisture to get to the roots of a newly planted tree or shrub, promoting growth. |
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Term
| Three types of lumber treatments for outdoor applications that involve ground contact: |
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Definition
1.ACA (Ammoniacal copper arsenate)
2.CCA (Chromated copper arsenate
3.Wolmanization |
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Term
| Maximum depth to stockpile soil: |
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Definition
4 feet.
Deeper piles compact under their own weight, removing oxygen and thereby killing off important soil organics. Shallower piles can be used, but they take up large areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Should only occur where called for by severe weather conditions, such as high winds, or when the size of the tree does not allow for self-support. Should be loosened after the first growing season and removed after the second growing season. |
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Term
| Low Impact Development (LID) |
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Definition
| An alternative, comprehensive stormwater management strategy focused on the reduction of environmental and economic impacts of site development. Uses sustainable materials and concepts to maintain the natural hydrologic cycles that existed on site prior to any development. Is especially appropriate for urban redevelopment projects and/or projects associated with environmentally sensitive areas. |
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Term
| LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) |
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Definition
| A program developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC) to measure the performance efficiency and sustainability of buildings and their associated development. Programs include site development and the reuse of resources, placing important emphasis on the reduction and reuse of water for irrigation. |
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Term
| LID (Low Impact Development) |
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Definition
| Focuses on managing water and stormwater runoff to help protect a site's natural hydrologic regimes. Also small-scale rain gardens can enhance landscape aesthetics, as well as provide additional spaces for wildlife forage and cover. LID reduces the need for sub-surface piping and associated detention pond infrastructures, offering potential cost savings. |
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Term
| BMP's (Best Management Practices) |
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Definition
| Govern not only stormwater, but also irrigation and on-site landscape management issues, through the use of native plantings; reduced use of fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides; and the reuse and proper amendment of on-site soil. |
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Term
| Traditional site development and/or construction alter a site's existing hydrologic regime by: |
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Definition
1. Decreasing soil porosity and infiltration capacity
2. Increasing areas of impervious surfaces
3. Increasing the velocity, volume, and duration of stormwater runoff. |
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Term
| Rain Gardens (Bioretention Systems) |
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Definition
| Collect and store stormwater from impervious surfaces to limit excessive runoff and to recharge groundwater. Multiple soil layers naturally filter pollutants and improve the water quality being delivered to existing soils. |
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Term
| One of main goals for LID and BMP's: |
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Definition
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Term
| Compost-amended sandy soil |
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Definition
| Allows water to infiltrate the rain garden's subsoils. Also increases the fertility and functional viability of the soil for both plan and microbial vigor, improves water quality, and retains water within the soil profile. |
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Term
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Definition
Lag Bolt - fastener used to secure items to wood products |
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Term
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Definition
Wood Screw - Used to hold small wooden pieces, decking and nonlateral sheer structural elements. |
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Term
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Definition
Machine Screw - standard (even) threads, typically used for metal to metal connections, plastic, or small wood pieces |
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Term
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Definition
Anchor Bolts - typically set into concrete to provide the structural tie to the footing for landscape elements (i.e. beanches, light standards, and walls) |
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Term
| Conveying information in construction details: |
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Definition
| All aspects of design must be shown in a two-dimensional plane, so multiple views, angles and sections are used to convey the intent. This multi-perspective drawing method is known as orthographic drawing. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a contractor provides the landscape architect with information on a shop drawing, or with product data. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed location of the parcel which is located on the cover sheet in a set of construction documents. Critical piece of data for the permit process, as most permitting agencies derive all their data from the legal description. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use to set elevation related to a landscape architecture project. All topographic surveys indicate the datum and benchmark that the survey is tied to for its elevational information. This benchmark is used as the base reference point in the designing of a project's grade elevations. |
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Term
| Division 1 of MasterFormat |
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Definition
| Covers general requirements and should be used to organize documents such as contracts, work sequences, price and payment procedures and quality requirements. |
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Term
| Division 32 of MasterFormat |
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Definition
| Exterior improvements (includes irrigation) |
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Term
| Division 11 of MasterFormat |
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Definition
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Term
| Division 33 of MasterFormat |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Working drawings
2. Specifications
3. General Conditions
4. Form of Agreement |
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Term
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Definition
| Should include all pertinent contact and site information, such as the vicinity map, contacts, permits, project name and address, parcel numbers and items critical to identifying the project. |
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Term
| Maximum Applied Water Allowance (MAWA) |
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Definition
| Used to perform a calculation to properly estimate how much water will be used or how much water use will be allowed on a site. |
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Term
| Asphalt Treated Base (ATB) |
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Definition
| Can allow for many areas of work to continue despite adverse weather conditions. Can reduce subgrade damage caused by wet conditions. Further, it can reduce erosion (control points stay intact and in place) and reduce costs for storage and site clean-up. |
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Term
| Backflow Prevention Device |
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Definition
| Keeps any water within an irrigation system from entering a potable water supply should a break and back-siphon situation occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| United States Department of Agriculture. A soil classification system used in regulating agricultural practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official. Deals with the road and highway construction standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Machinery used for mass earthwork projects. Can remove materials, store them, transport them to another location and then re-spread them in small lifts, allowing for proper compaction of the materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows for quick trenching, clean operation and quick system installation after trenching. |
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Term
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Definition
| Always taken with the north or south direction as the starting point, depending upon which hemisphere the surveyor is in. |
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Term
| Division 31 of MasterFormat |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Accomplished with on-site construction observation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of drawings showing all components and materials used for the item, submitted after completion as part of the final record drawings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically installed on a project prior to site clearing. These points are critical to every aspect of a landscaping project, for both the contractor and the design team. They are essential for reason of liability, for potential change orders, and for verification of all components of the project, from clearing, to grading, to building locations, to irrigation system connections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used under floor slabs and building foundations, or in other situations where movement or settling of a subsoil must not occur. Also used to bridge over poor soil conditions to transition or transfer weigh or water below any site components or elements. |
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Term
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Definition
Calculate diameter by multiplying the rebar's number by 1/8.
Example: #4 rebar has a diameter of 1/2 inch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes into account the curvature of the earth and is used for large-scale mapping and project planning such as laying of oil lines or roads that cross vast expanses of land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines the deck material sizes needed based upon the wood species and other aspects of the deck, such as the spans of joists and beams. Use load calculations based upon pounds per square foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit used to measure illumination on a surface. |
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Term
| Matching Precipitation Rates (mpr)/ Flow Rates |
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Definition
| Must be used when mixing irrigation heads of various radius sizes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to determine the voltage drop in irrigation design. The valve wire used must be sized to allow for the voltage drop at the end of each run of wire. Determined by multiplying the the current times the resistance for the type of wire used. |
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Term
| Compressive strength of concrete: |
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Definition
| Direct relation of the cement and aggregate ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concrete is considered to have reached full strength 28 days after mixing and placing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The growth of cement particles with the addition of water. The particles continue to grow until they touch other particles or aggregates within the concrete mix. This process ultimately results in the strength, or hardness of the design mix. |
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Term
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Definition
| An admixture that slows down the hydration process in the concrete, allowing for additional time to work the product. |
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Term
| Three main materials used for masonry construction in landscape projects: |
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Definition
1. Brick
2. Concrete
3. Stone |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid, watertight seal in masonry block units. The mason will install the mortar and then set the block into the mortar and clean the joint with a rounded tool, thereby compressing the remaining mortar into place, creating a solid, watertight seal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in masonry construction to bond units together, but it also makes up for irregularities within individual units, allows for use of ties and reinforcing within the units, and combines all these function with aesthetics, providing color and texture enhancement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Installed between masonry units to hold them in place. Also have tabs that extend perpendicularly to the masonry units and can be used for installing veneered clay brick units. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydraulic cement grout that produces a big volume. Product that should be used to install a handrail in a sleeve embedded into a concrete masonry unit wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| A workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them. Mortar can also be used to fix, or point, masonry when the original mortar has washed away. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of wood to resist stresses applied parallel to the wood grain. Is the greatest amount of longitudinal stress the lumber can tolerate prior to failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lumber purchased in nominal sizes is first sized and then finished by drying and planing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A downward force that will reduce the size of construction materials such as soil or aggregates by compacting them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major load-carrying members in a deck. |
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Term
| Foresights and Backsights |
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Definition
| Used in plane surveying to measure distances by verifying the surveyor's location, based on a known location. |
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Term
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Definition
| A soil's ability to bear weight. Is the critical soil characteristic that determines the size and shape of a footing design. |
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Term
| Three components that make up soil: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The stable slope formed when soil is placed naturally without compaction or manipulation. This angle may vary with soil type, but a 2:1 maximum slope is most common. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Achieved when enough moisture leaves the soil profile and the soil is no longer in a liquid state. At this point the soil has some cohesive abilities and enters a plastic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of soil to bind together under moderately dry conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a soil to drain and remove water from the soil profile. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which soil acts like a liquid, typically under earthquake conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| A cast-in-place concrete retaining wall. This wall type is used for moderate to high walls and is very expensive to construct. |
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Term
| 3 Classifications of Retaining Wall: |
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Definition
1.Soil-Bioengineering - A reinforced embankment using geotextile materials, plantings, stone, or concrete surfacing.
2. Gravity Wall - a unit stack wall system composed of materials such as stack stone or keystone block.
3.Cantilevered Wall - Also called rigid wall, is solid concrete and cast-in-place. The most costly retaining wall type but have the greatest potential for height gain and offer options for the finish and design pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force of the soil being retained against the wall. Only soil that exceeds the angle of repose exerts pressure on a wall. This pressure can be calculated from the types of soil and the amounts of moisture the soils will retain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to consolidate concrete and fill all void spaces within a form. |
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Term
| 3 basic types of aggregates found in most standard concrete design mixes: |
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Definition
| Sand, crushed stone, and gravel |
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Term
| Most common method of concrete placement: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| As described by ASTM, prior to installing concrete on a project, the base must be properly prepared and tested for compaction to avoid settling of the concrete. |
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Term
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Definition
| The method typically used on landscape architecture projects. Unlike geodetic survey, which uses a coordinate system for location points on the earth, a plane survey disregards the earth's curvature and is considered an ordinary field-survey method for projects of small to moderate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common concrete testing method, measure the workability of the mix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of sand, cement, and water. If gravel were added, the mixture would be called concrete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood that has been freshly cut and has not been cured. Either by a kiln or by air drying under cover. "Green" lumber. |
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Term
| Moisture Content of Lumber |
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Definition
| Marked on the lumber itself, next to the "kiln dried" stamp. This mark is important to ensure that wood used for finish carpentry or indoor applications will not continue to warp, shrink, or change in shape or size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lumber is purchased in lumber yards, by specific lengths and sizes and comes from the mill precut to these industry standard units. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting property lines by combining various parcels. Can improve the design of a project, as well as other aspects such as economics, by adjusting the design to satisfy local codes and minimize safety impacts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds wood together, can be used on dry, wet, or treated wood. Is not affected by moisture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in asphalt construction only to bond old and new asphalt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in asphalt paving to adhere two lifts of asphalt together. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product used for the initial overlayment of the first course of asphalt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of tack coating which is used to adhere an old and new coat of asphalt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in the construction of wood or concrete to anchor or attach products. |
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Term
| Welded Wire Mesh (concrete) |
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Definition
| Used to reinforce concrete flatwork for increase slab tensile strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| A break that occurs between concrete pours or section during installation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Installed to control cracking of the concrete due to shrinkage and swelling which are caused by exposure to heat or cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow concrete to be worked and installed under various conditions, such as hot or cold weather, or under water. |
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Term
| Depth of a Contraction Joint |
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Definition
| Should be no less than 1/6 the depth of the concrete slab. |
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Term
| Installing a nail to decking material |
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Definition
| The nail should be roughly 2 1/2 time the thickness of the wood member being secured. The nail must penetrate the depth of the wood member and then drive into the framing materials for a secure hold. |
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Term
Calculating footing area with the used of bearing capacity:
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Definition
In designing a footing for a deck post, the soil is found to have a bearing capacity of 7 psi and the design load of 4000 lbf. What minimum square footing size is required?
A = deck load
soil bearing capacity
= 4,000 lbf
7 lbf/inches squared
=571.43 inches squared
Convert to feet:
=571.34
12 in/ft
=1.99 ft.
*2 ft. x 2 ft. footing meets the minimum requirements |
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Term
| Decking is typically installed: |
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Definition
| Bark side up. This orientation allows for cupping, or warping of the decking materials as they shrink and swell over time without creating a tripping hazard. |
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Term
| Best structural fill materials: |
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Definition
| Graded gravels. They have a bridging factor that allows them to spread out over poor bearing soils. |
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Term
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Definition
| The slight tilting of a retaining wall into the slope that the wall is designed to retain. Both the exposed face and back of a wall can have a batter, depending upon the structural design |
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