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Labs
values
87
Nursing
Professional
07/01/2014

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Cards

Term
sodium (Na+)
Definition
135-145 mEq/L or mmol/L

Increased: hemoconcentration and diabetes insipidus.

Decreased: Diuretics and water intoxication.
Term
potassium (K+)
Definition
3.5 - 5 mEq/L or mmol/L

Increased in renal failure, acidosis, cell lysis, tissue breakdown or hemolysis.

Decreased in GI losses and diuretics.
Term
calcium (Ca)
Definition
8.6 - 10.3 mg/dL (2.15 - 2.57 mmol/L)

Increased:
-Tumor or hyperplasia of parathyroid
-too much vitamin D
-Multiple myeloma
-Nephritis with uremia
-Malignant tumors
-Sarcoidosis
-Hyperthyroidism
-Skeletal immobilization
-Excess Ca intake: milk alkali syndrome

Decreased:
-Hypoparathyroidism
-Diarrhea
-Celiac disease
-Vitamin D deficiency
-Acute pancreatitis
-Nephrosis
-After parathyroidectomy
Term
magnesium (Mg++)
Definition
1.3 - 2.2 mEq/L
Term
phosphorus (PO4)
Definition
3.0 - 4.5
Term
chloride (Cl)
Definition
96 - 108 mmol/L
Term
pH of blood
Definition
7.35 - 7.45
Term
PaCO2 (ABG)
Definition
35 - 45 mm Hg
Term
PaO2 (ABG)
Definition
80 - 100 mm Hg
Term
HCO3 (bicarbonate) (ABG)
Definition
22 - 26 mEq/L
Term
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Definition
(males age 50: <30 mm/hr)

Increased in tissue destruction, whether inflammatory or degenerative;
during menstruation and pregnancy;
and in acute febrile diseases.
Term
total serum cholesterol
Definition
< 200 mg/dL
Term
LDL (low-density lipids)
Definition
< 130 mg/dL
Term
HDL (high-density lipids)
Definition
35 - 80 mg/dL
Term
triglycerides
Definition
< 150 mg/dL
Term
INR (international normalized ratio)
Definition
1 (0.88 - 1.16 according to NSUH)

2-3 for therapy for atrial fibrillation, DVT, and PE (pulmonary embolism)

2.5 - 3.5 for therapy in prosthetic heart valves

INR is a corrected ratio of a client's prothrombin time to normal. INR is used to standardize the prothrombin time and anticoagulation therapy.
Term
PT (prothrombin time)
Definition
9.5 - 12 seconds

Therapeutic range: (14-24 sec)
1.5 - 2 times normal

North Shore University Hospital
Normal: 9.4 - 13

Prolonged by deficiency of factors I, II, V, VII, and X, for malabsorption, severe liver disease, and coumarin (warfarin or Coumadin or Jantoven) anticoagulant therapy.
Term
PTT (partial thromboplastin time)
Definition
20-35 seconds

Therapeutic range: (30-70 sec)
1.5 - 2 times normal

North Shore University Hospital
normal = 27.5 - 37.4 sec
Therapeutic: 41.3 - 74.8 sec

Prolonged in deficiency of fibrinogen, factors II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, and in heparin therapy.
Term
albumin (LFT)
Definition
3.5 - 5 g/dL
Term
TBILI (total bilirubin)
Definition
0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL (2-20 umol/L)

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment in everyone’s blood and stool. Yellowing of skin or whites of eyes is called jaundice; it may be caused by high levels of bilirubin.

Bilirubin is made when old RBCs are broken down. After circulating in the blood, bilirubin travels to the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is excreted into the bile duct and stored in the gall bladder. Eventually, the bilirubin is released into the small intestine as bile to help digest fats and then excreted with your stool.

Increased:
-Hemolytic anemia (indirect)
-Biliary obstruction and disease
-Hepatocellular damage (hepatitis)
-Pernicious anemia
-Hemolytic disease of the newborn

(direct or conjugated bilirubin levels should be 0.1 - 0.2 mg/dL or 0-4 umol/L)
(indirect or unconjugated bilirubin levels should be 0.1 - 1 mg/dL or 1.7 - 17.1 umol/L)
Term
total protein
Definition
6-8 g/dL (60-80 g/L)

LFT

Increased:
-Hemoconcentration
-Shock
-Multiple myeloma (globulin fraction)
-Chronic infections (globulin fraction)
-Liver disease (globulin)

Decreased:
-Malnutrition
-Hemorrhage
-Loss of plasma from burns
-Proteinuria
Term
specific gravity (urinalysis)
Definition
1.010 - 1.025
Term
protein (urinalysis)
Definition
.8 mg/dL
Term
glucose (urinalysis)
Definition
less than .5 g/day
Term
ketones (urinalysis)
Definition
none
Term
pH of urine
Definition
4.6 - 8
Term
WBCs (urinalysis)
Definition
0-5 per high power field
Term
CMP: creat (creatinine)
Definition
0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL (62-124 umol/L)

renal function test

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body.

Increased in renal insufficiency, chronic renal disease, and muscle breakdown.

Decreased in advanced liver disease.
Term
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Definition
10-20 mg/dL (3.6 - 7.2 mmol/L)

indicator of renal function

Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down.

Increased:
-Acute glomerulonephritis
-Obstructive uropathy
-Mercury poisoning
-Nephrotic syndrome

Decreased:
-Severe hepatic disease
-Pregnancy
Term
creatinine clearance test (renal function)
Definition
80 - 139 mL/min
This is a calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and is the best indicator of overall renal function.
Term
digoxin level (therapeutic monitoring)
Definition
0.8 - 2.0 ng/mL
Term
lithium level (therapeutic monitoring)
Definition
0.4 - 1.4 mEq/L
Term
phenobarbital (therapeutic monitoring)
Definition
10 - 40 mcg/mL
Term
theophylline (therapeutic monitoring)
Definition
10 - 20 mcg/mL
Term
dilantin (therapeutic monitoring)
Definition
10 - 20 mcg/mL
Term
CMP: glucose
Definition
fasting: 70-110 mg/dL (3.3 - 6.05 mmol/L)
postprandial (2 hrs after meal): 75 - 140 mg/dL (3.58 - 7.7 mmol/L)

Increased in diabetes and Cushing's disease.

Decreased in hyperinsulinism/insulinemia, Addison's disease, insulin therapy.

Diagnostic Tests for DM:
> 125 mg/dL fasting glucose on 2 or more occasions
(Just the above, but also HgbA1c [hemoglobin A1C] > 7%)
Term
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Definition
3%-6%
>8% indicates poor diabetes mellitus control
Term
Which assessments indicate hypocalcemia?
Definition
Chvostek’s sign (A spasm of the facial muscles following a tap on the facial nerve) and a positive Trousseau’s sign (indicative of neuromuscular hyperreflexia associated with hypocalemia)
Term
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Definition
5-40 IU/L

LFT (liver function test)

AST is released into the bloodstream if the liver or heart is affected by disease or injury.

Increased:
-Liver disease
-MI
-Muscle trauma

Decreased:
-Azotemia
-Chronic dialysis
Term
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
Definition
5-45 IU/L

Increased:
-Liver disease
-MI
-Muscle trauma

Decreased:
-Azotemia
-Chronic dialysis
Term
CVP (central venous pressure)
Definition
3-12 cm water
or 2-6 mm Hg

Elevated: hypervolemia or poor cardiac contractility

Lowered: hypovolemia
Term
Base Excess (ABG)
Definition
-2 to +2
Term
MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)
Definition
70-110 mmHg
Term
D-dimer
Definition
<250 mg/mL

detects a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis

increased in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), malignancy, and arterial and venous thrombosis
Term
cardiac output (CO)
Definition
4 - 8 L/min

CO = HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

CO = the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

causes of increased CO = fever, sepsis, anemia, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Term
cardiac index (CI)
Definition
2-4 L/min/m2

CI = CO/BSA (body surface area)

CI = more accurate than CO (cardiac output)
Term
stroke volume (SV)
Definition
50 - 100 mL/beat

SV = amount of blood ejected from ventricle per contraction

SV up = SVR (systemic vascular resistance) down

SV down = SVR up, contractility down (MI), blood volume down, valve dysfunction (mitral stenosis)
Term
stroke volume index (SVI)
Definition
35 - 60 mL/beat/m2

SVI = SV/BSA (body surface area)

SVI up = SVR (systemic vascular resistance) down

SVI down = SVR up, contractility down (MI), blood volume down, valve dysfunction (mitral stenosis)
Term
wedge pressure
Definition
8-12 mmHg
Term
PAOP (pulmonary artery occlusion pressure)

aka wedge pressure

aka PCWP (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)
Definition
8-12 mmHg
Term
SvO2
Definition
60-80%, but abnormal/clinically significant if up or down by 5-10% for >3min
Term
lactate
Definition
.7 - 2.1 mEq/L or mmol/L venous blood

.5 - 1.5 mEq/L or mmol/L arterial blood

lactic acidosis and increased lactate levels are seen in septic pts due to decreased oxygen to the tissues
Term
direct bilirubin
Definition
0-.3 mg/dL (or 1.7-5.1 mcmol/L)
Term
indirect bilirubin
Definition
.2 - 1.2 mg/dL (or 3.4 - 20.5 mcmol/L)
Term
pBNP (porcine brain natriuretic peptide)
Definition
0-300 pg/mL

a small peptide secreted by the heart to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

Studies have demonstrated that the measured concentrations of circulating BNP increase with the severity of CHF based on the NYHA (New York Heart Association) classification.
Term
VBG: pCO2(V)
Definition
35-50 mmHg
Term
VBG: pO2(V)
Definition
25-45 mmHg
Term
VBG: O2 sat (V)
Definition
67-88%
Term
VBG: HCO3(V)
Definition
21-29 mmol/L
Term
VBG: BEV
Definition
-2 to +2 mmol/L
Term
VBG: TCO2V
Definition
22-30 mmol/L
Term
CPK (creatine phosphokinase)
Definition
30 - 200 U/L

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle.

High levels usually mean injury or stress to muscle tissue, the heart, or the brain.
Term
CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel)
Definition
mmol/L:
Na, K, Cl, CO2, AGAP

mg/dL:
glu, BUN, creat, Ca, tBILI

U/L:
SGOT, SGPT, ALKP
Term
CBC (complete blood count) w/ diff
Definition
WBC, RBC, hgb, hct, MCV, MCH, RDW, plt, neut%,
Term
WBC (leukocyte count)
Definition
5-10

Meaning: 5,000 - 10,000 / mm3 (or meaning 5-10 x 10^9/L)

Total is elevated in acute infectious diseases, predominantly in the neutrophilic fraction with bacterial diseases, and in the lymphocytic and monocytic fractions in viral diseases.
Term
hgb (hemoglobin)
Definition
females: 12-16 g/dL (1.86-2.48 mmol/L)
males: 13-18 g/dL (2.02-2.79 mmol/L)

NSUH:
hgb 11.5 - 15.5 g/dL

Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

Decreased in various anemias, pregnancy, severe or prolonged hemorrhage, and with excessive fluid intake.

Increased in polycythemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, failure of oxygenation due to heart failure, and normally in people living at high altitudes.
Term
hct (hematocrit)
Definition
females: 40% (35%-45%)
males: 45% (40%-50%)

More accurate:
F - (37%-47%)
M - (42%-52%)

NSUH:
hct 34.5% - 45%

Decreased in severe anemia, anemia of pregnancy, and acute massive blood loss.

Increased in erythrocytosis (increased RBCs) of any cause and in dehydration or hemoconcentration associated with shock.
Term
MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
Definition
84-96 fL

the average volume of a RBC

Increased in macrocytic anemia.

Decreased in microcytic anemia.

fL = femtoliter (10 to the negative 15 liter)

(femtoliter / micron / micrometer / um3)
Term
MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
Definition
28-34 pg

pg = picogram = one trillionth of a gram = ten to the negative 12 gram

MCH is the average mass of hemoglobin per RBC.

MCH value is diminished in hypochromic/microcytic anemias and increased in macrocytic anemia.

Hypochromia means that the red blood cells have less color than normal when examined under a microscope. This usually occurs when there is not enough of the pigment that carries oxygen (hemoglobin) in the RBCs.

The most common cause of hypochromia in the United States is not enough iron in the body (iron deficiency). Untreated, this can lead to a disorder called iron deficiency anemia.
Term
MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)
Definition
32-36 % (concentration fraction 0.32-0.36)

the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells (PRBCs)

Decreased in severe hypochromic anemia.
Term
RDW (RBC Distribution Width)
Definition
10.3% -14.5%

RDW is the variation of RBC volume. Usually RBCs are a standard size of ~6-8 um (microns or micrometers) in diameter. Certain disorders cause a variation in cell size. Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in RBC size.
Term
platelet count
Definition
140 - 400 k / mcL

140,000 - 400,000 / mm3

0.14 - 0.4 x 10^12/L

Increased in malignancy, myeloproliferative disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and postoperatively; about 50% of patients with unexpected increase of platelets will be found to have a malignancy.

Decreased in thrombocytopenic purpura, acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, and during cancer chemotherapy.
Term
neut% (neutrophils)
Definition
43% - 77%
Term
CMP: CO2
Definition
22-31 mmol/L
Term
CMP: AGAP (anion gap)
Definition
5 - 17 mmol/L

The anion gap is the difference in the measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is often calculated when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis, a lower than normal pH in the blood. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.

The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap" but the urine anion gap is also a clinically useful measure.
Term
ALKP (alkaline phosphatase)
Definition
40-1500 IU/L, though levels are significantly higher in children and pregnant women

High ALKP can occur if bile ducts are obstructed or if active bone formation is occurring, as ALKP is a byproduct of osteoblast activity (such as the case in Paget's disease of bone [a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshaped bones]).

Increased:
-Conditions reflecting increased osteoblastic activity of bone.
-Rickets
-Hyperparathyroidism
- Hepatic disease

Decreased:
-Malnutrition
-Cretinism
-Severe anemia
-Celiac disease
Term
erythrocyte count (RBCs)
Definition
4.2 - 5.8 M/mcL

Males 4,600,000 - 6,200,000 / mm3
(4.6 - 6.2 x 10^12/L)

Females 4,200,000 - 5,400,000 / mm3
(4.2 - 5.4 x 10^12/L)

Increased in severe diarrhea and dehydration, polycythemia, acute poisoning, and pulmonary fibrosis.

Decreased in all anemias, in leukemia, and after hemorrhage, when blood volume has been restored.
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
200-400 mg/dL (2-4 g/dL)

Increased in pregnancy, cancer, inflammation, and nephrosis.

Decreased in severe liver disease and abruptio placentae.
Term
fibrin split (degradation) products
Definition
<10 mg/L

Increased in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism.
Term
bleeding time
Definition
3-10 mins

Prolonged in thrombocytopenia, defective platelet function, and aspirin therapy.
Term
fibrinolysis (whole blood clot lysis time)
Definition
no lysis in 24 hrs

Increased activity associated with massive hemorrhage, extensive surgery, transfusion reactions, and liver disease.
Term
basophils
Definition
<0.5% (Number fraction: 0.6-0.7)

Elevated in acute leukemia, following menstruation, and following surgery or trauma.
Term
eosinophils
Definition
1-4% (Number fraction: .01 - .04)

Elevated in collagen disease, allergy, and intestinal parasitosis.
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
20-30% (Number fraction: <0.05)

Depressed in aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, and by toxic chemotherapeutic agents used in treating malignancy.
Term
monocytes
Definition
2-6% (Number fraction: .2 - .3)
Term
neutrophils
Definition
60-70% (Number fraction: .02 - .06)
Term
reticulocytes
Definition
0.5 - 1.5 % of RBCs

(Number fraction: .005 - .015)
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