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Labs and Diagnostics
MEMORIZE
82
Nursing
Professional
10/23/2013

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Cards

Term
Prognosis
Definition
What to expect/ how severe is the illness/ will I recover
Term
Standard Precautions for Lab specimen collections
Definition
PPE, NO re-capping, Labeling, sharps disposal and transporting
Term
RBCs
Definition
MCV, MCH, MCHC, & RDW
Term
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Definition
Blood smears, platelets, RBCs, WBCs, Hemoglobin, and hematocrit
Term
WBC differentials
Definition
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Term
Adult RBC Count (Male and Female)
Definition
4.7-6.1 (male)
4.2-5.4 (female)
4.2-5.4 (covenant)
Term
Factors that increase RBCs
Definition
altitude, dehydration and drugs
Term
Factors that decrease RBCs
Definition
Pregnancy, over hydration and drugs
Term
Normal Hemoglobin levels in an adult
Definition
Male 14-18 g/dl
Female 12-16 g/dl
Term
Critical levels of hemoglobin
Definition
<5 g/dl and or > 20 g/dl
Term
What does hemoglobin measure?
Definition
Measures concentration of hemoglobin in the blood; correlates with RBC counts
Term
Factors that cause increase in hemoglobin
Definition
Pregnancy, AM dosing, drugs and smoking
Hemoglobin that is too high could cause stroke.
Term
When is WBC count lowest?
Definition
Morning
Term
Factors that decrease hemoglobin levels
Definition
Age, evening, and drugs
Term
Problems if hemoglobin is too high
Definition
heart disease, COPD, dehydration
Term
Hematocrit normal adult levels
Definition
42-52% (male)
37-47% (women)
CRITICAL values <15% or >60%
Term
Increase in hematocrit
Definition
Larger RBCs, dehydration, high altitudes
Term
Decrease in hematocrit
Definition
elevated WBCs, hemodilution, pregnancy, drugs
Term
What does hematocrit indicate?
Definition
What percent is cell and what percent is plasma
Term
More plasma than RBC's could indicate?
Definition
Anemia
Term
MCV
Definition
Mean corpuscular volume... indicates size or volume of RBC
Term
MCH
Definition
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin...measurement of weight or amount of hemoglobin in cell
Term
MCHC
Definition
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration...average percentage of hemoglobin in cell
Term
RDW
Definition
Red blood cell distribution width with measurements. It looks at different sizes
Term
Adult norms for WBC counts
Definition
Covenant (3.8-10.8)
5,000-10,000
CRITICAL LEVELS <2500 or >30,000
Term
What do WBCs indicate?
Definition
infection, neoplasm, allergy, immunosuppression
Term
Factors that increase WBC
Definition
drugs, eating, late pm, late preg/labor and stress
Term
Factors that decrease WBCs
Definition
drugs, early pm and age
Term
A shift to the left is what?
Definition
An indication that there has been an increase in neutrophils and in immature cells
Term
Normal WBC count
Definition
3.6-10.8 k/uL
Term
Normal HGB count
Definition
14-18 g/dL
Term
Normal HCT count
Definition
42%-52%
Term
Normal RBC count
Definition
4.7-6.1 m/uL
Term
Normal PLT count
Definition
150-400 k/uL
Normal levels <50,000 or > 1,000,000
Term
Normal glucose count
Definition
70-110 mg/dL
Term
Differential neutrophils
Definition
55-70%
Term
Differential eosinophils
Definition
1-4%
Term
Lymphocytes differential
Definition
20-40%
increase no matter what the problem is
Term
Basophils differential
Definition
0.5-1%
Term
Monocytes differential
Definition
2-8%
increase with infection or injury they are not specific
Term
Platelets are used to indicate
Definition
evaluation of thrombocytopenia, spontaneous bleeding or petechiae
Term
What happens when spleen is removed?
Definition
Old platelets circulate
Term
Complete metabolic panel consists of what?
Definition
Electrolytes, BUN and creatinine, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALK phos
Term
Calcium Normal values
Definition
8.4-11 mg/dL
Calcium is necessary for normal clotting
Term
Magnesium normal values
Definition
1.6-2.3mg/dL
Term
Sodium normal values
Definition
134-145mmol/L
Affects brain
Term
Potassium normal levels
Definition
3.5-5.3mmol/L
Affects heart
Term
BUN normal values
Definition
9-21mg/dL
Used to indicated acute renal failure
Critical values are greater than 100
Term
High levels of BUN values could indicate what?
Definition
shock, sepsis and CHF resulting from low perfusion to kidneys; excretion of urea is diminished
Term
Low levels of BUN could indicate what?
Definition
nephrotic syndrome which causes loss of protein... liver failure indicates a failure to produce urea.
Term
Creatinine normal levels
Definition
0.8-1.5mg/dL
Critical values >4mg/dL
Term
Creatinine labs are used to detect what?
Definition
an elevation of renal functioning
Term
Factors that cause increase in creatinine?
Definition
evening, dehydration, drugs and high meat intake
Term
Normal Total Protein values
Definition
5.5-7.8 g/dL
Term
What does the Total protein level indicate?
Definition
Used to monitor cancers, immune disorders, liver function, nutrition, chronic edematous states
Term
High levels of total protein indicate what?
Definition
Excess tourniquet time and drugs
Term
There is a decrease in protein levels when?
Definition
There are drugs involved, close to IV site
Term
Pre-albumin normal levels
Definition
15-36mg/dL
critical <10.7 mg/dL
Term
Normal albumin levels
Definition
3.5-5 g/dL
Term
Globulin
Definition
2.3-3.4 g/dL
Term
What does the total protein count consist of?
Definition
Albumin, pre albumin and globulin
Term
Total bilirubin normal values
Definition
0.3-1 mg/dL
Indications to elevate liver function and hemolytic anemias
Direct (conjugated)
Indirect (unconjugated)
Term
AST/ ALT normal levels
Definition
AST--> 5-45 units/L
ALT--> 7-72 units/L
Term
PT (Prothrombin time)
Definition
10.1-12.8 seconds
CRITICAL VALUE > 20 seconds
Term
INR (international normalized ratio)
Definition
0.8-1.1
Critical value >5.5
Used to indicate bleeding risks to monitor anticoagulant therapies
Term
Activated partial thromboplastin time
Definition
23.3-37.1 seconds
Critical value is above 70 seconds
Indications to monitor bleeding risks, monitoring anticoagulants like heparin.
Term
Why are serum draws used?
Definition
To determine amount of drug left in the blood
Term
Protein in urine greater than 5 indicates what?
Definition
Infection
Term
On average the pH of urine is what?
Definition
6
Term
The color on the film is based on what?
Definition
Density of tissue
Term
More dense equals lighter or darker color?
Definition
lighter due to more energy in area
Term
Fluroscopy
Definition
produces a live feed. Use of barium dye
Term
Tomography
Definition
Three dimensional and cross-sectional
Entire circumference of body is seen.
Term
Risks of X-ray exposure
Definition
affects blood cell production, could cause cancers, can have genetic effects on eggs and sperm
Term
X-ray is especially risky when?
Definition
Early stages of pregnancy
Term
When do you NOT use barium dyes?
Definition
When there is a suspected perforation of colon or GI tract
Term
When would you use a flexible scope?
Definition
In the color or soft tissue
Term
When would you use a rigid scope?
Definition
For an arthroscopy
Term
What is the purpose of endoscopic studies?
Definition
visualization for diagnosis, biopsy, removal of tissue, coagulate blood vessels.
Term
What is a necessity before a patient undergoes an endoscopy?
Definition
Patient must be NPO
Term
GI endoscopes go before what?
Definition
Use of contrast mediums such as barium
Term
Nuclear scanning is used for what?
Definition
Cancer staging and evaluation of patency of arteries
(coronary)
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