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LA Infx Dz
Exam 1: equine & sheep & goats
195
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
10/15/2012

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is an important viral disease of horses that can manifest in three different forms (reproductive, respiratory, and neurologic)?
Definition
EHV
Term
What is the most contagious bacterial disease in horses?
Definition
Strep equi equi

Strangles
Term
What protozoal disease should be a differential for neuro disease in horses?
Definition
EPM
Term
Name a common opportunistic fungal disease in horses that enters via the respiratory tract.
Definition
Aspergillus
Term
What are some important signalment components to consider when diagnosing infectious disease?
Definition
Age: impact on susceptibility, exposure
Breed: prevalence, immunocompetence; EVA in standardbreds
Gender:exposure, carrier status, impact
Use: environment, stress, exposure, medication, prognosis for return to function
Term
What do you want to know about the horses history when considering an infectious disease?
Definition
-duration, progression
-likelihood of exposure to infxs agents
-vaccination, EIA, parasite status
-medications (which, how much, when)
NSAIDs suppress fever
Abx impact bacterial cultures
-stress
-health of herd mates
-health of other animals at same show, clinic, trail ride
-presence of organism in region
-season (vectors present?)
Term
When is ancillarytesting a must?
Definition
-potentially reportable disease
-Ddx list includes highly contagious dz that may warrant quarantine or isolation
-Likely Dx is zoonotic
Term
What should be on your DDx list for a horse with fever and respiratory signs?
Definition
Influenza
Rhinopneumonitis (EHV)
Rhinovirus
Strangles
EVA

(Also: Tuberculosis, AHS, Pneumocystis)
Term
What should be on your DDx list for a horse with fever and neuro signs?
Definition
EEE, WEE, WNV

EHV1, EIA, Anaplasma, EVA, Stangles

Heat stress

(also: Rabies, VEE, lyme disease)
Term
What should be on your DDx list for a horse with non-specific signs +/- fever?
Definition
EIA
EVA
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
(Erlichia equi)
Babesia
Anthrax
Lyme disease
Term
When might you have a horse with fever and edema?
Definition
common combo of signs
often due to vasculitis
-EHV 1, EIA, Anaplasma, EVA, Strangles
pragmatic grouping for clinical approach
*not always due to infectious agent
Term
What clinical signs are typically present in a horse that presents for edema and fever?
Definition
Edema: limbs, ventrum, muzzle, scrotum
-may be subtle!
Fever
Depression
+/- petechia
Term
What are some general sources of edema (not specific diseases) in horses?
Definition
Heart failure: increase HR-> venous congestion
-(endocarditis, murmur)

Hypoalbuminemia
-increase loss via kidney, gut, or
into a body cavity
-decrease manufacture via liver dz,
malnutrition

Lymphangitis, lymphatic obstruction, lymphosarcoma

cellulitis & vasculitis

contact dermatitis: wild parsnips, bug spray

toxins: hoary alyssum, fire ants, spiders, rattlesnakes
Term
What are some infectious diseases that cause edema in horses?
Definition
EIA (equine infectious anemia)
Babesia/ Piroplasmosis
EVA (equine viral arteritis)
Equine erlichiosis
(Anaplasma phagocytophilum)
Purpura hemorrhagica
Pigeon Fever
Term
What might you see on a CBC in a horse with edema?
Definition
-look for signs of infection and/or thrombocytopenia, anemia
-look for anaplasma morula in granulocytes, babesia in RBC's
Term
What WBC parasite might you see on CBC for horses
Definition
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Term
What RBC parasite might you see on CBC for horses
Definition
Babesia
Term
With what infectious equine disease would you see increased fibrinogen?
Definition
bastard strangles
Term
What items on a serum chem would be important to look at for a horse with edema?
Definition
albumin, liver and kidney function
Term
what might you see on a coag profile in a horse with edema?
Definition
abnormal clotting
Term
Why would you perform serology in horses with edema?
Definition
Coggins test or ELISA for EIA
testing for EVA, AP
ELISA for strangles
Term
why would you perform PCR in a horse with edema?
Definition
Anaplasma, EHV
Term
Why would you perform cultures in a horse with edema? what culture samples should you use?
Definition
nasal swabs/washes:
strangles, viral agents

whole blood:
some viral agents
Term
what additional testing may you want to consider is a horse with neuro signs?
Definition
CSF
Term
What are the DDx for equine infectious diseases manifesting with peripheral edema?
Definition
EIA
EVA
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Purpura hemorrhagica
Lyme's disease
Pigeon fever
Piroplasmosis
(African Horse Sickness)
Term
EIA is in what virus family?
Definition
retrovirus
Term
what trx is available for EIA?
Definition
none
Term
are there vaccines available for EIA?
Definition
no
Term
Why is eradication of EIA difficult?
Definition
persistent infections
- infected for life
Term
what is the prognosis for horses infected with EIA?
Definition
kills 30-70% of infected horses
Term
is EIA reportable?
Definition
YES
Term
List the 3 syndromes of EIA?
Definition
1. inapparent infxn- subtle changes
2. acute disease
3. subacute/chronic
Term
What are the clinical signs/ lab findings associated with the inapparent infection form of EIA?
Definition
increased glubulins,
low CD5/CD4/lymphocytes

subtle changes
Term
What are the clinical signs and lab findings asscoiaed with the acute form of EIA?
Definition
signs manifest w/in 30d of exposure, may recover in 1-7days
*Fever, *Thrombocytopenia
anorexia
lethargy

(+/-): anemia, epistaxis, pitting edema, CNS signs (ataxia), abortion, stillborn or weak foal, orchitis
Term
what clinical signs or lab findings are associated with the subacute/chronic form of EIA?
Definition
cyclic
-due to emergence of Ag strain
-temporary invasion of immune system
May-> symptomatic if stressed, corticosteroids

Recrudescing fever, weight loss, more severe anemia (+/- epistaxis, hemorrhage), +/- thrombocytopenia, increased gammaglobulins, increased liver enzymes, decreased albumin
Term
which form of EIA is associated with a more severe anemia?
Definition
subacute/chronic form
Term
How would you diagnose EIA?
Definition
clinical signs, CBC, serology, coggins test, ELISA, necropsy
Term
what might you see on CBC in a horse with EIA?
Definition
thrombocytopenia, may be severe (clinical hemorrhage):
-immune mediaed +/- decreased
production
progressive anemia: intra- and extravascular hemolysis; impaired bone marrow response

WBC= variable, monocytosis
Term
how often is serology used to diagnose EIA? and what does serology detect?
Definition
widely used

detect core Ag p26
Term
Name an AGID test used to diagnose EIA in horses.

(Most EIA horses are positive by day 45; may need to retest acute cases)
Definition
Coggins test
Term
When should you test foals for EIA? why?
Definition
wait until 6-8.5 months old; may have false + via passive transfer if test earlier
Term
What might you see on necropsy for EIA positive foals (if they die during febrile episode)?
Definition
enlarged lymph nodes/liver/spleen; hemorrhages; thrombosis; +/- microscopic glomerulonephritis
Term
What stage of EIA disease is the virus most abundant?

Where is it otherwise (when not abundant)?
Definition
most abundant in acute, febrile period

otherwise lurks in tissue macrophages, endothelial cells
Term
When would it be more likely to have transplacental transfer of EIA in utero?
Definition
if mare has a febrile episode

also via colostrum, semen
Term
What are some important aspects to control EIA via isolation?
Definition
most suggest >200yards, screened stall
strict insect control
forbidden to leave without permit
brand 2 inch "A" on left neck or
shoulder
EIA retirement farms in some states
Term
what important mechanical vector must be considered in an EIA control program?
Definition
biting flies
Term
What are some important prevention methods for EIA?
Definition
Avoid exposure-owner education/fly contr.
routine testing to ID carriers
*key to preventative med
*req for interstate travel, or
public horse gatherings
support state initiatives
new federal proposal for state
certification, regional programs
Term
List the common clinical signs associated with an EVA infection
Definition
Types: inapparent infection; respiratory, reproductive, skin

fever, depression & anorexia, edema (limbs, ventrum, supraorbital fossa, periorbital, sheath, scrotum), rhinitis & conjunctivitis w/ discharge, urticarial rash, purpura eruptions inside upper lip
Term
how long does the fever associated with EVA typically last?
Definition
2-9days
Term
What are some less common clinical signs of EVA?
Definition
abortion, resp distress, coughing, diarrhea, ataxia, lymphadenopathy, corneal opacity, stiffness
Term
When does abortion associated with EVA typically occur (when in gestation)?
Definition
3-10months into gestation
Term
If the foal is born to an EVA positive mare what clinical signs may be noted in the foal?
Definition
weak w/ respiratory distress
Term
T/F: EVA impacts future fertility
Definition
false
Term
What reproductive signs/consequences occur in stallions affected with EVA
Definition
if ill, may reduce libido/fertility; become short term carriers

30-60% become long term carriers & shedders**
Term
in stallions who are long term carriers of EVA where does the virus persist and how is it shed?

also what hormone may be involved
Definition
persists in ampulla of vas deferens (testosterone dependent)
shed in semen
Term
how is EVA transmitted
Definition
all bodily fluids/secretions

fomites/ personnel
Term
where does EVA replicate? and how does this lead to vasculitis?
Definition
bronchial macrophages
-> regional lymph nodes-> viremia-> vasculitis
Term
How would you diagnose EVA
Definition
clinical signs
CBC
serology
virus isolation
serum titer
Term
what would the CBC show if concerned about EVA?
Definition
leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia
Term
would serology or virus isoloation be more appropriate if EVA is caught early?
Definition
early: virus isolation

(late: serology)
Term
what would you look for on serology for a positive EVA case
Definition
paired samples, look for rising titer
Term
what samples should you take for virus isolation of EVA?
Definition
nasopharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, whole blood (citrate tube), semen, urine, placenta or lung of aborted fetus (freeze if delay in transport)
Term
at what serum titer is a stallion considered likely to be a shedder
Definition
serum titer > 4:1
Term
what two breeds are commonly affected with EVA?
Definition
Standardbreds and Australian warmbloods
Term
what is EVA control centered on? why?
Definition
the stallion on breeding farm
- carrier stallions infect 85-100%
of seronegative mares
-may remain carriers for years
-low concentrations in vaginal
secretions, aborted fetus,
placenta, urine, feces
Term
what is the most common form of EVA transmission at racetracks?
Definition
respiratory aerosols
Term
how long does quarantine last at racetracks after a positive EVA case occurs?
Definition
lasts for 4wks since last case
Term
how long does immunity following natural EAV infection last?
Definition
lifelong
Term
is there a vaccine present for EVA?
Definition
yes
Term
what type of vaccine is available for EVA?
Definition
modified live vaccine
Term
does the EVA vaccine stop transmission of the virus?
Definition
no
Term
how long should you isolate horses post EVA vaccination?
Definition
at least 21days (due to shedding of live virus)
Term
how long will a single vaccination protect for?
Definition
1-3years
Term
What are some ways to prevent EVA?
Definition
avoid exposure-screen 1st yr stallions
breed to only EVA negative stallions
vaccination program
-est. seronegativity first!
Term
What causes Equine erlichiosis?
Definition
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Term
How is anaplasma transmitted
Definition
deer ticks
Term
what type of cell does anaplasma infect?
Definition
WBC (neutrophils or eosinophils)
Term
what clinical signs are associated with anaplasma infection?
Definition
fever (1-12d), depression, variable anorexia, limb edema, petechia, icterus (extravascular hemolysis), +/- ataxia or cranial nerve deficits, +/- myositis, orchiditis
Term
How is equine erlichiosis diagnosed?
Definition
clinical signs & observation of organism w/in neutrophils/eosinophils

lymphopenia then neutropenia
mild anemia
thrombocytopenia

Chem
PCR
IFA on buffy coat cells
Term
what might be seen on a Chem profile in an equine erlichiosis case?
Definition
elevated bilirubin +/- elevated SDH, GGT
Term
T/F: there are many asymptomatic seropositives in endemic areas
Definition
true
Term
How is Equine erlichiosis treated?
Definition
*Oxytetracycline or Doxycycline(risk of diarhea)

supportive care: limb bandages, easily chewed food, rarely corticosteroids
Term
is there a vaccine for anaplasma phagocytophila (or Equine erlichiosis)?
Definition
no
Term
what is purpura hemorrhagica? and what is thought to cause it?
Definition
immune mediated hemorrhagic syndrome

most commonly linked to Strep equi var equi exposure or vaccination

also may be triggered by strep equi zooepidemicus, influenza, EHV-1, pigeon fever
Term
what causes the lesions associated with purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
due to IgA and IgM immune complex deposition in small vessels (esp SQ)
Term
T/F: purpura hemorrhagic is a devestating and often fatal disease that often leads to DIC in horses
Definition
true
Term
Describe the clinical signs associated with equine purpura hemorrhagica
Definition
edema (head,extremities,ventrum), petechial hemorrhages on mm, +/- urticarial plaques exuding serum, +/- edema of larynx/lungs->resp distress, +/- diarrhea/colic, +/- acute rhabdomyolysis

can appear painful, may slough skin or hooves, may develop DIC (bleeding/ thrombosis)
Term
How would you diagnose equine purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
Clinical signs
History of Strangles exposure
Culture
Skin biopsy
ELISA
CBC/Chem
Term
what tissue should you culture to Dx purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
nasopharyngeal swab or wash
Term
why would a skin biopsy be useful for Dx purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
to demonstrate vasculitis
-leukocytoclastic w/ PMNs around
small dermal vessels
Term
What does ELISA look for to Dx purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
serum ELISA for strep M protein titers
Term
what might a CBC/Chem show in a positive purpura hemorrhagica case
Definition
high WBC/fibrinogen, Platelets usu not low

Chem: variable
- mild eleva. of liver/kidney values
- increase globulin, albumin variable
- CK, AST amy be increased w/ muscle
involvement (confirm w/biopsy)
Term
How would you treat purpura hemorrhagica if active strangles infxn is present? or not present?
Definition
Penicillin (if Strangles)

supportive care:
maintain hydation/ nutrition,
monitor airway/skin condition,
support bandages/ deep bedding, hydrotherapy if oozing/ sloughing

NSAID/butorphanol for discomfort

+/- referral

Corticosteroids- dexamethasone
Term
What should be considered in the use of corticosteroids for purpura hemorrhagica trx?
Definition
may increase risk of laminitis
teratogenic in early pregnancy
Term
How would you control the strangles assoc. with purpura hemorrhagica
Definition
ID and trx guttural pouches
consider all PH cases contagious
strict isolation & monitoring
education of clients
disinfection, burn bedding
insect/vector control
vacate contaminated pasture
Term
is there a vaccine for purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
no
Term
T/F: current vaccines may trigger purpura hemorrhagica?
Definition
true
Term
What is the agent that causes Lyme Dz
Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi
Term
how is lyme dz transmitted
Definition
Ixodes ticks
Term
what change is titer is required for Dx. why?
Definition
need 4x change in titer for Dx
-due to positive titers being common
in endemic areas
Term
is there a vaccine for equine lyme dz?
Definition
No

canine vaccine not approved for use in horses, but it is sometimes used offlabel in horses
Term
what are the clinical signs of lyme disease?
Definition
most often subclinical, fever, depression, regional lymphadenopathy, arthritis, recurrent lameness, encephalitis, uveitis, abortion, cardiomyopathy, +/-renal disease
Term
how is lyme disease diagnosed in horses?
Definition
*Exclusion of other diseases
serology
culture
histopath
Term
what samples should be collected for Dx of lyme dz via culture
Definition
1: synovial tissue
2: joint fluid
Term
What are some DDx for Lyme disease in horses
Definition
Anaplasma phagocytophila/
equine erlichiosos
Immune mediated disease
Causes of neurologic signs or abortion
Leptospirosis
Term
What Abx is used to trx lyme disease in horses?
Definition
Oxytetracycline

(alternatives: high dose penicillin, oral doxycycline)
Term
How would you reduce inflammation in lyme disease cases?
Definition
NSAIDs
Term
What is another name for Pigeon Fever in horses?
Definition
Dry Land Distemper
Term
What geographical regions are you more likely to see Pigeon Fever in?
Definition
drought areas

CA, pacific northwest
Term
What is the cause of Pigeon Fever?
Definition
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Term
how is pigeon fever transitted
Definition
insect trasmission through bites in skin
Term
What clinical signs are associated with pigeon fever?
Definition
low grade fever; lethargy; anorexia; progressive weight loss; debility; lameness; cellulitis and ulcerative lymphangitis (edematous swelling distal limbs/pectorals/ventral abdomen, ulceration, small draining sores)

(variably: lymphangitis, deep muscle abscesses, chronic weight loss, recurrent drainage, purpura)
Term
how would you diagnose pigeon fever?
Definition
region and clinical appearance
clinical/ultrasound evidence of abscess
culture
serum hemagglutination inhibition test
Term
how do you treat pigeon fever?
Definition
*lance & drain abscesses
-long term Abx: *penicillin, or erythromycin +/-rifampin (after lance)
-NSAID (if painful)
-local wound care
Term
what is the prognosis for pigeon fever?
Definition
good if simple abscess

guarded if internal abscess
Term
What equine disease does African Horse Sickness resemble?

What are the clinical signs of african horse sickness?

what is the prognosis of african horse sickness?
Definition
- EVA

- severe edema! cardiac failure!

- poor; very high mortality
Term
List the 4 Alpha Herpesviruses that affect horses and the major body system affected by each
Definition
EHV-1: abortion; neuro
EHV-4: respiratory

EHV-3: coital exanthema-genitalia (+mouth)
EHV-9: experimental infxn->mild fever
Term
What are the two gamma herpesviruses and what is their major consequence
Definition
EHV-2: oral & esophageal ulcerations in foal; pharyngitis

EHV-5: multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
Term
What Herpesvirus strains are prevalent in donkeys?
Definition
AHV-1: coital exanthema
AHV-2: neuro
AHV-3: rhinitis (similar to EHV-1)
AHV-4,5,6: interstitial pneumonia
Term
T/F: EHV is reportable and contagious
Definition
true
Term
What to EHV strains have been implicated in rhinopneumonitis?
Definition
EHV-4**: epidemics at racetracks
EHV-1: greater concern
-abortion concerns
-neuro disease
Term
How are Rhinopneumonitis forms of EHV transmitted?
Definition
spread via aerosol, direct contact, fomites
Term
what clinical signs occur with EHV caused rhinopneumonitis?
Definition
respiratory signs, similar to flu but less severe

fever (biphasic), nasal discharge, +/- cough, pharyngitis, tracheitis, 2nd bacterial infxn, rarely see bronchopneumonia, rarely see GI signs, keratitis, conjunctivitis

young horses more often affected, signs mild unless animal is very stressed
Term
What EHV strain is most commonly implicated in abortion?
Definition
EHV-1**
Term
when does an EHV-1 caused abortion typically occur
Definition
4m of pregnancy
Term
T/F: EHV-1 is transmittable via embryo transfer
Definition
true
Term
If foals infected with EHV-1 are born alive how do they present?
Definition
born alive, but weak
progressive lower resp signs
extensive tissue damage to internal organs (lungs/liver)
Term
List some DDx of equine abortion
Definition
EHV-1
EVA
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Placental infxns
Leptospirosis
Hypothyroidism
Twins
Fescue
Term
What EHV strain is implicated in myeloencephalopathy?
Definition
EHV-1 (Findlay strain)

-gene mutation in a DNA polymerase->
high risk of neuro disease; more
aggressive replication-> extremely
high viremia
Term
What clinical history might you find in a horse infected with the neurologic/myeloencephalopathy form of EHV-1?
Definition
poor appetite
fever
mild nasal discharge
abortion
mild limb edema
Term
What clinical signs are associated with the neuro form of EHV-1?
Definition
fever (precedes neuro signs), incoordination, bladder paresis, reduced tail tone, +/- cranial nerve deficits, viremia

(weak anal/vulva tone, inability to retract the penis into the sheath, orchitis, scrotal edema, mild limb edema, retinal hemorrhage, chorioretinitis, hives)
Term
What causes the neuro signs assoc w/ EHV-1?
Definition
spinal cord damage > brain damage
-vasculitis and thrombo-ischemia
Term
T/F: recumbency is a good prognostic sign
Definition
false
Term
Why is EHV diagnosis a challenge?
Definition
complicated by:
- latent infxns (virus in lymphoid,
nervous tissue)
- subclinical infxns
- ability of virus to infect in spite
of high titers

other dz's cause similar signs
clients reluctant to spend money on Dx
Term
What are some DDx for neuro disease in horses
Definition
EEE, WEE, WNV, equine protozoal myelitis, rabies, trauma, wobblers syndrome, liver disease, plant toxicities, equine degenerative myelopathy, equine motor neuron disease, migrating parasite, abscess, neoplasia, cuada equina syndrome
Term
How would you Dx EHV infxns?
Definition
clinical signs
virus isolation & rtPCR
serology
CSF
immunohistochem
histopath
Term
what samples can be collected for EHV virus isolation & rtPCR?
Definition
nasal swabs
whole blood-buffy coat
lymphoid/placenta/fetus/CNS tissues
Term
how is serology used in EHV diagnosis?
Definition
demonstrate a 4x rise in titer over 7-21days
Term
How is cerbrospinal fluid used in Dx of EHV?
Definition
**xanthochromia (RBC breakdown products)
elevated protein
elevated EHV antibody titer
Term
what might be seen on histopath to Dx EHV?
Definition
vasculitis, intranuclear inclusions
Term
what equine viral disease is associated with xanthochromia of the CSF?
Definition
EHV
Term
How would you trx EHV infection?
Definition
symptomatic
address bacterial infx
address fever
neuro complications (vasculitis)
- NSAIDs, DMSO, corticosteroids
- supportive care, sling, prevent
urine scald
Antivirals???
(acyclovir IV, valacyclovir PO)
Interferon, vit E
Term
what is an important tool for early detection of EHV cases?
Definition
monitor for fevers 2x daily
Term
what kind of natural immunity results from EHV infection?
Definition
short lived

newly infected in 3-6months

repeat abortion or neuro signs unlikely
Term
Name an immunomodulator approved as an aid in reducing upper resp dz assoc. w/ EHV-1 & 4
Definition
Zylexis
Term
is there a vaccine for EHV?
Definition
yes

controversial in the face of an outbreak; not ideal if already exposed
Term
How can you prevent EHV infections?
Definition
avoid exposure
reduce stress*
vaccination
-killed, intranasal, modified live
Term
How do EHV killed vaccines work?
Definition
induce IgG(T) Ab, measurable by virus isolation, complement fixation
Term
How do EHV intranasal vaccines work?
Definition
induce mucosal immunity, CMI
Term
How do EHV modified live vaccines work?
Definition
induce cytotoxic T cells, IgG, but NO mucosal immunity
Term
What is the name of an EHV vaccine that works against the resp, neuro, and abortion forms?
Definition
Rhinomune (modified live vaccine)
Term
Is leptospirosis zoonotic?
Definition
yes!
Term
Which Leptospirosis serogroups are implicated in horses?
Definition
L. bratislava
L. interrogans*
Term
What clinical signs are assoc. with equine leptospirosis?
Definition
uveitis (moonblindness/ periodic ophthalmia), renal disease, liver disease (rare)

foals: renal/hepatic/lung damage, fever, icterus, hematuria, resp distress, death
Term
How would you diagnose Leptospirosis in horses?
Definition
serology
culture (urine w/o diuretics,midstream)
cytology and FAT of body fluids
culture of tissues (low sensitivity)
necropsy
Term
What might you see on necropsy in a leptospirosis case?
Definition
aborted fetus & placenta:
- chorioallantoic edema/necrosis,
cystic allantoic masses, fetal
hepatomegaly, renal edema,
nephritis
culture fetal kidney
Term
What are major r/o for:

abortion
uveitis
Definition
abortion: EHV-1, EVA, mare repro loss syndrome, placental infxns, leptospirosis, hypothyroidism, twins, fescue

uveitis: concurrent Lyme disease, genetic predisposition if Appaloosa
Term
How would you trx lepto?
Definition
Abx: (drug of choice?)
- high dose IV K penecillin
- Timentin IV
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin

Uveitis: anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclosporin
Term
is there a vaccine for lepto?
Definition
not in the US

cattle/pig vaccines extralabel
Term
What organism is responsible for equine Anthrax?
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
Is equine Anthrax reportable?
Definition
Yes!
Term
is equine anthrax zoonotic?
Definition
yes!
Term
what is the difference between the vegetative and spore state of anthrax?
Definition
vegetative: causes dz
spore: persists in environment
Term
What is the reservoir for Anthrax?
Definition
soil
Term
In what climate are anthrax cases more common?
Definition
peak cases in summer months
- assoc with flooding; long dry spring
Term
T/F: the carcass and body fluids of an anthrax case are extremely dangerous to people
Definition
true
Term
What are the three forms of anthrax disease?
Definition
cutaneous
pulmonary
gastrointestinal
Term
What are the clinical signs associated with anthrax?
Definition
Depends on route of transmission:

Ingestion: septicemia, enteritis, colic, trembling, seizures, may bleed from body orifices, high mortality

Inhalation: hemorrhagic mediastinitis. rapidly fatal

Cutaneous: (insect bites), SQ swellings in throut, other dependent areas, localized lesions, high fever +/- colic
Term
what route of anthrax transmission is responsible for septicemia, enteritis, colic, trembling, seizures, bleeding from body orifices, and high mortality?
Definition
ingestion
Term
what route of anthrax transmission is responsible for SQ swellings in the throat, other dependent areas, localized lesions, high fever +/- colic
Definition
Cutaneous
Term
what route of anthrax transmission is responsible for hemorrhagic mediastinitis and is rapidly fatal?
Definition
Inhalation
Term
List some DDx for anthrax in horses
Definition
clostridial diseases, purpura, enteritis, toxicity
Term
How can you Dx anthrax?
Definition
ID organism in tissues or peripheral blood (Gram stain ELISA, FA)

post mortem NOT recommended due to risk
*just draw blood from carcass
rendering CONTRAINDICATED
Term
How can you trx anthrax in horses?
Definition
if catch early:
- penicillin or oxytet
- anthrax antiserum if available
Term
How should you dispose of anthrax infected carcasses?
Definition
complete incineration
bury ashes 6ft underground
Term
is there an anthrax vaccine?
Definition
yes, but very reactive!

-need state vet permission to use
-currently recommended for all cattle
in NW MN
- seldom used in horses due to
injection site rxn
Term
What are the most common manifestations of Brucellosis in horses?
Definition
"fistulous whithers" and "poll evil"
Term
what is the cause of Brucellosis in horses?
Definition
Brucella abortus
Term
Is equine brucellosis reportable?
Definition
yes
Term
is equine brucellosis zoonotic?
Definition
yes
Term
what is fistulous whithers? (or what does it cause)
Definition
supraspinous bursitis
-swelling and draining lesions
Term
what is poll evil? (or what does it cause)
Definition
atlantal bursitis
-swelling and draining lesion on back
of head
Term
what clinical signs are associated with Brucellosis in horses?
Definition
+/- navicular bursitis, atlantal bursitis, supraspinous bursitis, generalized infxn (if exposed by cattle, stiffness, lethargy, fluctuating fever
Term
How do you Dx brucellosis in horses?
Definition
clinical signs, culture and serology (agglutination test)
Term
how do you trx brucellosis in horses
Definition
Abx; debride local lesions
Term
is there an equine brucellosis vaccine?
Definition
yes (but not in US)
Term
Is vesicular stomatitis in horses reportable? why?
Definition
yes; similarity to FMD
Term
what clinical signs are assoc. with vesicular stomatitis?
Definition
fever, oral ulcerations, vesicles on epithelial surfaces (rupture-> ulcers; oral cavity; coronary band; teats), salivation, drooling, anorexia/weight loss, mild lameness, rarely slough hoof
Term
how is vesicular stomatitis transmitted?
Definition
insect vector

aerosol or direct contact (need break in skin or mm surface)
Term
T/F: vesicular stomatitis is a self limiting disease that usually resolves in 1-5wks
Definition
true
Term
how do you diagnose vesicular stomatitis?
Definition
PCR or virus isolation (aspirate or scrape) or serology
Term
list some DDx for vesicular stomatitis
Definition
bister beetle, grass awns, bullous pemphigoid, caustic agents, EHV-3, (rabies, dysphagia, choke)
Term
how do you trx vesicular stomatitis?
Definition
symptomatic

self-limiting
Term
What equine infectious diseases are a zoonotic concern?
Definition
Leptospirosis
Anthrax
Term
What equine infectious diseases are Reportable?
Definition
EIA
EVA
EEE
Rabies
Vesicular stomatitis
WEE
WNV
Borrelia (Lyme)
Bacillus anthracis
Brucella (Brucellosis)
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