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Kozier Chapter 52
vocab for fluid and electrolytes
78
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
11/18/2012

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Term
Acid
Definition
a substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution
Term
Acidosis
Definition
a condtion that occurs with increases in blood carbonic acid or with decreases in blood bicarboncate; blood ph below 7.35
Term
Active transport
Definition
movement of substances across cell membranes against the concentration gradient
Term
Agglutinins
Definition
specific antibodies formed in the blood
Term
Agglutinogens
Definition
a substance that acts as an antigen and stimulates the production of agglutinins.
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
a condition that occurs with increases in blood bicarbonate or decreases in blood carbonic acid; blood ph above 7.45
Term
Anions
Definition
ions that carry a negative charge; includes clorine, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate
Term
Antibodies
Definition
immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections
Term
Bases
Definition
have low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution
Term
Buffers
Definition
prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions
Term
Cations
Definition
ions that carry a positive charge; includes sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
Term
Central venous catheter
Definition
catheter that is usually inserted into the subclavian or jugular vein, with the distal tip of the catheter resting in the superior vena cava just above the right atrium
Term
Colloid osmotic pressure
Definition
a pulling force exerted by colloids that help maintain the water content of blood
Term
Colliods
Definition
substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions
Term
Compensation
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person substitutes an activity for one that he or she would prefer doing or cannot do
Term
Crystalloids
Definition
salts that dissolve readily into true solutions
Term
Dehydration
Definition
insufficient fluid in the body
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the mixing of molecules or ions of two or more substances as a result of random motion
Term
Drop factor
Definition
the number of drops that equal 1 mL as specified on the package of IV tubing
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions
Term
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Definition
fluid found outside the body cells
Term
Filtration
Definition
process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from one compartment to another
Term
Filtration pressure
Definition
the pressure in a compartment that results in the movement of fluid and substances dissolved in fluid out of the compartment
Term
Fluid volume deficit
Definition
loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the extracellular fluid
Term
Fluid volume excess
Definition
retention of both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal extracellular fluid
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
the proportion of red blood cells to the total blood volume
Term
Hemolytic transfusion reaction
Definition
destruction of red blood cells as a result of transfusion of incompatible blood
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
the tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while continually changing; a mechanism in which deviations from normal are sensed and counteracted
Term
Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
the pressure a liquid exerts on the sides of the container that holds it; also called filtration force
Term
Hypercalcemia
Definition
an excess of calcium in the blood plasma
Term
Hyperchloremia
Definition
an excess of chloride in the blood plasma
Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition
an excess of potassium in the blood plasma
Term
Hypermagnesemia
Definition
an excess of magnesium in the blood plasma
Term
Hypernatremia
Definition
an excess of sodium in the blood plasma
Term
Hyperphosphatemia
Definition
an excess of phosphate in the blood plasma
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids
Term
Hypervolemia
Definition
increased blood volume
Term
Hypocalcemia
Definition
deficiency of calcium in the blood plasma
Term
Hypochloremia
Definition
deficiency of chloride in the blood plasma
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
deficiency of potassium in the blood plasma
Term
Hypomagnesemia
Definition
deficiency of magnesium in the blood plasma
Term
Hyponatremia
Definition
deficiency of sodium in the blood plasma
Term
Hypophosphatemia
Definition
deficiency of phosphate in blood plasma
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids
Term
Hypovolemia
Definition
an abnormal reduction in blood volume
Term
Infiltration
Definition
occurs when the tip of the IV is outside the vein and the fluid is entering the tissues instead; manifested by local swelling, coolness, pallor, and discomfort at the IV site.
Term
Insensible fluid loss
Definition
fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
fluid that surrounds the cells, includes lymph
Term
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Definition
fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid
Term
Intravascular fluid
Definition
plasma
Term
Ions
Definition
atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge; electrolytes
Term
Isotonic
Definition
solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids
Term
Metabolic acidosis
Definition
a condition characterized by a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH falls to less than 7.35
Term
Metabolic alkalosis
Definition
a condtion characterized by an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45
Term
Milliequivalent
Definition
one-thousandth of an equivalent, which is the chemical combining power of a substance.
Term
Obligatory losses
Definition
essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning
Term
Oncotic pressure
Definition
see Colloid osmotic pressure
Term
Osmolality
Definition
the concentration of solutes in body fluids
Term
Osmosis
Definition
passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusible particles in a solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane
Term
Overhydration
Definition
occurs when water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in low serum osmolality and low serum sodium levels, also known as hypo-osmolar imbalance or water intoxication
Term
Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
Definition
a long venous catheter inserted in an arm vein and extending into the distal third of the superior vena cava
Term
pH
Definition
a measure of the relative alkalinity or acidity of a solution; a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
Term
Pitting edema
Definition
edema in which firm fingers pressure on the skin produces an indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds
Term
Plasma
Definition
the fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended
Term
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Definition
system initiated by specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney nephrons that respond to changes in renal perfusion
Term
Respiratory acidosis
Definition
a state of excess carbon dioxide in the body
Term
Respiratory alkalosis
Definition
a state of excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body
Term
Selectively permeable
Definition
cell membranes that allow substances to move across them with varying degrees of ease
Term
Solutes
Definition
substances dissolved in a liquid
Term
Solvent
Definition
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved
Term
Specific gravity
Definition
the weight or degree of concentration of a substance compared with that of an equal volume of another, such as distilled water, taken as a standard
Term
Third space syndrome
Definition
fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not readily accessible as extracellular fluid
Term
Transcellular fluid
Definition
compartment of extracellular fluids; includes cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids
Term
Volume expanders
Definition
used to increase the blood volume following severe loss of blood, or loss of plasma
Term
Antigens
Definition
a substance capable of inducing the formation of antibodies
Term
Arterial blood gases
Definition
specimen of arterial blood that assesses oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status
Term
Vesicant
Definition
any medication or fluid with the potential for causing blisters, severe tissue injury, or necrosis if it escapes from the vein.
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