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Knee
Knee
170
Medical
Graduate
04/28/2016

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Cards

Term
2 principal articulatiosn of the knee
Definition
patellofemoral
tibiofemoral
Term
tibiofibular jt is considered part of what structure
Definition
the ankle
Term
tibiofemoral jt: what type of jt
Definition
double condyloid jt
Term
tibiofemoral jt: degrees of freedom
Definition
3 (flex/ext, abd/add, IR/ER)
Term
tibiofemoral jt: abb/add in the frontal plane is also called what
Definition
varus/vaglus
Term
tibiofemoral jt: what defines the knee
Definition
medial and lateral compartment
Term
proximal side of the knee jt
Definition
femur
Term
Femur: which condyle is larger
Definition
medial
Term
Femur: what do the condyles form in terms of alignment
Definition
obliquity
Term
Femur: how do the condyles lie in orientaito to teh shaft
Definition
medial
Term
Femur: condyles are convex in what planes
Definition
sagittal and frontal plane
Term
Femur: distal femur has how many articulating contact pts
Definition
dual
Term
tibia: which plateau is larger
Definition
medial plateau
Term
tibia: which plateau has thicker cartilage
Definition
lateral
Term
tibia: proximal tibia is _____ than the shaft with a ______ slope of ___-____ degrees
Definition
larger
posterior
7-10
Term
tibia: shape of the tibial plateau and femoral condyles
Definition
convex
Term
tibia: the tibial plateau and the femoral condyles are essentially convex leading to what
Definition
poor stability
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: longitudinal axis of femur is what shape
Definition
oblique
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: how is the longitudinal axis of femur oriented from proximal to distal
Definition
medial
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: position of the tibia
Definition
vertical
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: overall orientation of the tibiofemoral alignment creates what type of angle
Definition
valgus angle of up to 5 degrees aka Q angle
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: genu valgum would require what angle
Definition
>185
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: genu valgum aka
Definition
knock knee'd
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: loads medially and laterally for genu valgum
Definition
compressive load laterally
tensile load medially
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: genu varum angle needed
Definition
<175
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: genu varum aka
Definition
bow legged
Term
Tibiofemoral alignment: loads laterally and medially
Definition
tensile laterally
compressive medially
Term
mechanical axis is the path from what to what
Definition
head of the femur to the head of the talus
Term
the mechanical axis is analogous ot what
Definition
the GRF line
Term
the mechanical axis is _____ with bilateral stance
Definition
central
Term
the mechanical axis shifts ____ with unilateral stancemedial
Definition
Term
the mechanical axis shifts medial with unilateral stance which yields what else
Definition
a shift in the load properties
Term
what converts the tibial plateus to a concave surface
Definition
the mensici
Term
purpose of the menisci (2)
Definition
distribute weight bearing surface
reduce friciton
Term
controversial purpose of the menisci
Definition
shock absorber
Term
menisci: shape of the medial meniscus
Definition
C shaped
Term
menisci: shape of the lateral meniscus
Definition
4/5ths of a circle
Term
menisci: which meniscus coveres more of the tibial surface
Definition
lateral
Term
menisci: which condyle is more exposed
Definition
medial condyle
Term
menisci: how much load do the menisci take with stairs/gait
Definition
1-2x the BW
Term
menisci: how much load do the menisci take with running
Definition
3-4x the BW with every step
Term
menisci: how much load do the meniscus take on average
Definition
50-70%
Term
menisci: what horns are attached to the tibia
Definition
anterior and posterior horns
Term
menisci: what attaches the anterior horn of both menisci
Definition
transverse ligmanet
Term
menisci: what attaches the menisci to the tibia at the periphery
Definition
coronary ligaments
Term
menisci: medial meniscus is attached to what (4) structures
Definition
MCL
ACL
PCL
semimembranosus
Term
menisci: which is the more stable mensicus
Definition
medial
Term
menisci: which meniscus is at greater risk for injury
Definition
medial
Term
menisci: lateral meniscus is connected to what (4) structures
Definition
ACL
PCL
medial femoral condyle
popliteus
Term
menisci: how is the lateral meniscus attached to the PCL and medial femoral condyle
Definition
meniscofemoral ligament
Term
menisci: why is the lateral meniscus at less risk of injury
Definition
"floats"
Term
action of teh popliteus
Definition
flexes leg, rotates tibia medially at beginning of flexion
Term
menisci: what is the purpose of the multiple attachments of the menisci
Definition
prevent "squeezing" of the strutcture out from the jt
Term
menisci: benefit of having multiple attachments that are not having the meniscus slip out.
Definition
contact is increased
jt stress is reducinged
Term
menisci: removing the meniscus increases contact area increasing femoral force by how much? tibial force by how much?
Definition
femoral force by 2x
tibial force by 6-7x
Term
Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: when does vascularity to the menisci decrease
Definition
once weight bearing as a child
Term
Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: when vascularity decreases, which areas does it decrease to
Definition
vascularity decreases to the outer 25-33%
Term
Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: after 50 y.o. which portion is vascular
Definition
only the outer periphery
Term
Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: general nutrition provider
Definition
synovial
unless in the vascular areas
Term
Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: how do they recieve their nutrition
Definition
compression imbiitaiton
Term
Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: healing is limited to what areas
Definition
vascular areas only
Term
Knee capsule: size and tensile properties
Definition
large and lax
Term
Knee capsule: superficial characteristics
Definition
fibrous
Term
Knee capsule: deep tissue characteristics
Definition
synovial
Term
Knee capsule: the capsuel in addition to what other structures restrict motion
Definition
intra-articular ligaments
Term
Knee capsule: purpose of the synovial layer
Definition
secrete and absorb synovial fluid to provide nutrition
Term
Knee capsule: synovial layer adheres to what structures
Definition
ACL/PCL
Term
Knee capsule: synovial layer has many intricate folds called what
Definition
plicae
Term
Knee capsule: synovial layer general characteristic
Definition
very complex
Term
Plicae: develop when
Definition
embryonic development
Term
Plicae: what happens at 12 weeks of gestation
Definition
tye synovial septa are reabsorbed forming the compartment
Term
Plicae: what happens if after 12 weeks of gestation, the synovial septa are not fully reabsorbed
Definition
plica are formed
Term
Plicae: 4 main locations
Definition
inferior
superior
medial
lateral
Term
Ligaments: control what motions
Definition
extension
varus/valgus
tibial shear
IR/ER of tibia
combine motion
Term
Ligaments: (4)
Definition
MCL
LCL
PCL
ACL
Term
MCL: 2 portions
Definition
superficial and deep
(thickening of the capsule)
Term
MCL: superficial portion connects where proximally
Definition
medial femoral epicondyle
Term
MCL: where is the distal attachment
Definition
pes anserine
Term
MCL: deep portion of the MCL is continuous with what
Definition
the capsule
Term
MCL: primary restraint to what load
Definition
valgus
Term
MCL: primary restraint to what motion
Definition
ER of tibia
Term
MCL: taught in what motion
Definition
full extension
Term
MCL: action of the MCL with knee in flexion
Definition
remains important for resisting valgus (actually > resistance)
Term
MCL: healing properties (2)
Definition
highly vascular
high rate of healing
Term
LCL: connections (2)
Definition
lateral femoral condyle to fibular head
Term
LCL: blends with what structure
Definition
biceps femoris (conjoined tendon)
Term
LCL: difference between LCL and MCL
Definition
LCL is not a thickening but an isolated ligament
Term
LCL: resists what stress
Definition
varus stress
Term
LCL: stress resistance in extension vs flexion
Definition
55% at full extension
69% with flexion
Term
Similarity betweens MCL and LCL with jt position
Definition
both resist loads with knee flexino to a greater % but they are most efficient at full extension
Term
ACL: distal attachment
Definition
lateral fibula
Term
ACL: proximal attachment
Definition
posterior medial aspect of the lateral condyle
Term
ACL: there is a subtle ____ twist in the ligament
Definition
medial
Term
ACL: 2 bundles
Definition
anteromedial (AMB)
posterolateral (PLB)
Term
ACL: blood supply
Definition
middle geniculate aa
Term
ACL: prevents what motions
Definition
anterior shear
IR/ER
varugs/valgus
Term
ACL: which bundle is taught near full extension
Definition
Posterolateral bundle
Term
ACL: what bundle is taught with knee flexion
Definition
anteromedial bundle
Term
ACL: when angle has the point of maximal shear translation
Definition
30 degrees of flexion
Term
ACL: 30 degrees of flexion is the point of maximal shear translation, as demonstrated in what special test
Definition
Lachmann's test
Term
ACL: what bundle provides rotary stability
Definition
posterolateral bundle more than the anteromedial bundle
Term
ACL: what must be torn prior before the ACL really becomes a factor in regards to varus/valgus forces
Definition
the collateral ligamnet
Term
Unholy triad
Definition
collaterale ligament tear
meniscus tear
ACL tear
Term
Muscle influence: quads promote what motion
Definition
anterior tibial translation
Term
Muscle influence: hamstrings promote what motion
Definition
posterior tibial shear
Term
Muscle influence: soleus promotes what motion
Definition
posterior tibial shear
Term
Muscle influence: gastrocs promote what motion
Definition
posterior femoral shear
tibia anterior
Term
Muscle influence: what is ideal and the basis for prevenative training
Definition
co-contraction of the mm
Term
PCL: proximal attachment
Definition
medial femoral condyle
Term
PCL: distal attachment
Definition
posterior tibia
Term
PCL: similar to what ligament? in what regard?
Definition
ACL
banding (PMB, ALB)
Term
PCL: PMB taught in what motion
Definition
extension
Term
PCL: ALB is taught with what
Definition
80-90 flexion
Term
PCL: main restraint to what motino
Definition
posterior shear of tibia on the femur
Term
what resists 90% of the posterior shear of the tibia on the femur
Definition
90% of the load is resisted by the PCL
Term
PCL: and injuries
Definition
hard to tear
Term
accessory ligaments: what are they
Definition
the posterior capsule and its "corners"
posterior medial corner
posterior lateral corner
Term
accessory ligaments: the posterior medial corner of the capsule is reinforced by what
Definition
the oblique popliteal ligament (semimembranosus) and the posterior oblique ligament
Term
accessory ligaments: the posterior lateral corner is reinforced by what
Definition
arcuate ligament (popliteus), LCL, and ITB
Term
accessory ligaments: which was often a common structure repaired with ACL tears?
Definition
posterior lateral corner
Term
Kinematics: primary and subordiante motion
Definition
primary: flex/ext
subordinate: ER/IR, varus/valgus
Term
Kinematics: roll and glide which way
Definition
concave on convex
Term
Kinematics: why must there be anterior glide
Definition
the femur would roll of the tibia
Term
Kinematics: role of the ACl and PCL
Definition
checks to motion
considered rigid
impose force to the femur guiding motion
Term
Kinematics: ACL is active in what motion
Definition
flexion
Term
Kinematics: PCL is active with what motion
Definition
extension
Term
Kinematics: glide is faciliated by what structures
Definition
mensici
Term
Kinematics: what structure rolls on the menisci
Definition
the femur
Term
Kinematics: what forces are created with femoral/meniscal contact
Definition
meniscus on femur forces
femur on meniscus forces
Term
Kinematics: there are 2 shear forces present in knee flexion what are they?
Definition
shear 1 assists femur in forward glide in flexion
shear 2 assists in posterior migration of the meniscus
Term
what happens to the menisci with flexion
Definition
medial meniscus is pulled posterior
lateral meniscus floats
Term
Coupled motion: are flex/ext independent?
Definition
no
Term
Coupled motion: why does coupled motion occur?
Definition
oblique orientation of the femur with the tibia
Term
Coupled motion: flexion results in what coupled motion
Definition
varus
Term
Coupled motion: extension results in what coupled motion
Definition
valgus
Term
locking/screw home: knee extension has what automatic motions
Definition
valgus and ER
Term
locking/screw home: why does knee extension have ER
Definition
terminal rotation is the product of the oblique orientation
shorter lateral condyle completes the roll/glide motion before the medial condyle
Term
locking/screw home: ER is primarily in what range from full extension
Definition
last 5 degrees into full extension
Term
locking/screw home: what must happen in order to flex the knee
Definition
need to "unlock"
IR has to occur as the tibia flexes
Term
locking/screw home: when does this occur?
Definition
in WB and NWB
Term
Patellofemoral jt: how many facets
Definition
4 principal facets
Term
Patellofemoral jt: engages what where?
Definition
engages the patellar groove of the femur
Term
Patellofemoral jt: other characteristisc (2)
Definition
anatomic pulley for the quads
highly mobile
Term
Patellofemoral jt: where is the patella in extension
Definition
in the sulcus (not yet in the groove)
Term
Patellofemoral jt: in extension there is a greater chance for what
Definition
instability
Term
Patellofemoral jt: stability depends on what
Definition
vertical position of the patella
Term
Patellofemoral jt: index for this jt
Definition
insall-salvati index
Term
Patellofemoral jt: what does the insall-salvati index measure
Definition
ratio of patellar tendon length to length of the patella (normally 1:1)
Term
Patellofemoral jt: what happens if the patellar tendon is longer than the patella?
Definition
positions the patella high in the groove (patella alta)
Term
Patellofemoral jt: if patella alta is present what must th eknee do to engage the patella in the intercondylar groove
Definition
knee must flex more
Term
Patellofemoral jt: chance of injury with patella alta
Definition
greater chance of sublux/dislocation
Term
Patellofemoral jt: if a short tendon what is it called
Definition
patella baja
Term
Patellofemoral jt: at 20 degrees, what portion of the patella contacts the femur
Definition
the inferior pole
Term
Patellofemoral jt: as the knee flexes more, what happens to the contact poitns of the patella on the femur
Definition
contact points shift laterally
Term
Normal patellar motion: patellar movement with extension
Definition
patella moves into the sulcus superiorly
Term
Normal patellar motion: as you flex, where does the patella go
Definition
into the intercondylar groove
Term
Normal patellar motion: patellar tilt in flexion
Definition
medial tilt
Term
Normal patellar motion: paterllar tilt in extension
Definition
lateral tilt
Term
Normal patellar motion: if the observed motion is opposite the normal, what is this indicative of
Definition
pathology
Term
Normal patellar motion: purpose of shifts (2)
Definition
not really functional
more for apprehension tests
Term
in knee flexion the patella ______ rotates as the tibia rotates to _____ the knee
Definition
medially
unlock
Term
with further flexion from 20-90 degrees the patella further rotates how much
Definition
about 5 degrees
Term
position of the patella as the knee moves from flexion into further flexion
Definition
medial positioning in early flexino then moves lateral with continued flexion
Term
how to measure Q angle
Definition
line fromt he ASIS to the patella and then to the tibial tubercle
Term
Q-angle: excess increases risk of what
Definition
maltracking
chance of dislocation/subluxation
Term
Q-angle: what must counter the positioning
Definition
medial VMO
Term
Q-angle: static structure that helps hold the patella positioning
Definition
static medial retinaculum
Term
Q-angle: abnormality may also result from what
Definition
anteversion with tibial compensation
Term
Q-angle: normal q angle
Definition
10-15 degrees
Term
common knee injuries (4)
Definition
ACL (non contact, valgus collapse)
PCL
Meniscus
PFPS
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