1.       What do personality psychologists investigate in general?

4. For Freud, what is the primary motivating force behind behavior?

Sexual drive

Anything we find pleasurable

Driven by the pleasure principal

(which strives for immediate gratification of desires)

• Only componant of personality present from birth
• Entire unconscious (primitive and instinctive behaviors)
• Source of all psychic energy
• Primary componant of personality

Driven by the pleasure principle

(which strives to satisfy the Id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways)

• Responcible for dealing with reality
• Functions in both conscious and unconscious mind
• The 'Filter' for the Id

• Last componant of personality to develop
• Holds sense of right and wrong aquired f/ parents and society
• Emergence at 5 yrs.

• standards for good behaviors approved by authority figures
• Obeying leads to pride and accomplishment

1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latency period
5. Genital stage

Birth to 18 months

Pleasure by mouth (sucking, chwing, biting)

Pleasure by anus and urethra

"Going and holding it", control

3-6 years

Pleasure from genitals and self-stimulation

Oedipus complex

No psychosexual development

Time-out

Sexual pleasures outside the family

Hallmarks of maturity: love and work

• Chewing gum
• Eating
• Smoking
• Oral hygiene
• Kissing
• Drinking

• Interest in poop
• Loves poop jokes
• Messiness

• Reliance on masturbation
• Flirtatiousness
• Virility

10. What is the collective unconscious?

(Carl Jung)

Anima: female passivity

Animus: male aggression

Persona: public mask to hide secrets and truths about ones self

Feeling less than someone else

(Developed from being oppressed when young, or not having a socially desirable trait)

What is Unconditional positive regard?

(Carl Rogers [Humanist])

O: openness to experience

C: conscientiousness

E: extraversion

A: agreeableness

N: neuroticim

State: temporary way in which you feel

Trait: enduring characteristics (the way you generally are)

He had concluded there was no evidence for cross-situational consistency

He believed that people acted accordingly depending on the stimulus & environment.

Type of psychological test often used in personality assessment

Presents questions that may or may not describe certain qualities of the test subject.

Social desirability:

subjects answer in the way that researchers want them to, or in a way that makes them look better

Type of self report created by gathering 2 diff. groups of subjects, asking lots of questions, & then measure which items show the biggest difference between the groups.

Avoids issue of socical desirabililty

A test that on the surface sems to fit a particular trait in question

Ex: Neurticism test asking-> "I am a worrier"

• 10 cards half in b/w, half in color
• View one at a time
• Subject describes what they see
• Score based on underlying psychological characteristics

• Telling stories about pictures
• Explaining character's thoughts and feelings
• Explanation of how the situation turned out

• No, not all psychologists interpret the data the same
• If it were valid, the test would reveal behavior outside of the testing situation (suicide, depression, stress)

29.   If your clinician emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts, with which psychological approach does he/she align with?

• Dendrite
• Axon
• Cell body
• Myelin sheath
• Terminal Branches

Arousal (fight and flight)

Part of Peripheral Nervous System and Central Nervous System

Calming the body

Responcible for regulation of internal organs and glands

34. What theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

CS: natural stimulus that after being exposed to an unconditioned stimulus generates a conditioned response (food)

US: natural or automatic trigger of response (mouth waters over food)

UR: natural response to the unconditioned stimulus, (hunger response to the smell of food)

CR: learned response to the previously neutral stimulus (sound of the bell in Pavlov’s tests) 

Shaping!!!

In Operant Conditioning

CS and US trails presented

In Operant Conditioning

CS presented alone

Relapse if a CS is presented during this period

(Powder to a recovering coke addict)

Stimulus that after being exposed to an unconditioned stimulus generates a conditoned responce

(food)

natural responce

(mouth waters over food)

Natural responce to the unconditioned stimulus

(Hunger responce to the smell of food)

Learned responce to the previsously neutral stimulus

(sound of the bell in the tests)

• Very short-term memory
• No processing info
• only hold long enough to see

• Limited capacity (chunking to increase capacity)
• Limited duration (minutes)
• Maintenance rehersal- verbal thought & repeat of info for freshening
• Elaborative rehersal- associate info in STM with what we already know

• Declarative Mem ->

Semantic- general world knowledge
Episodic- personal experiences  

• Procedural Mem- personal way of doing things

38. Encoding Effect

(3 clues for memory)

Encoding Specificity- match of cues in organization at encoding, better match better recall

Context Cues- Cues dependent on the environment and situation

Serial Position Effect- We recall the 1st and last of a list but forget the middle

Exploring internal mental processes.

Study of how ppl perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems

Accepts scientific method

Rejects introspection

Nature: inborn, biological

Nurture: conditioned by the environment & society