Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Kinesiology
Mid Term 1
109
Medical
Undergraduate 1
10/15/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the components of health related physical fitness?
Definition

1. to assess the status of individuals entering a program.

2. to aid in prescribing or limiting activity of a certain individual.

3. to evaluate an individual's progress.

4.To increase individual motivation for entering and adhering to an exercise program.

5. to evaluate the success of a program in achieving its objectives.

 

Term
What is the purpose of the informed consent form?
Definition
So that the subject's human rights are respected.
Term
What are the 6 characteristics of a good physical fitness test?
Definition

1. Validity

2. Reliability

3. Objectivity

4. Accuracy

5. Norms

6. Economy

Term
What are random errors?
Definition
Errors that cause the result to spread in both directions about the true value.
Term
What are systematic errors?
Definition
Errors that systematicall shift the measurments in one direction away from the true value.
Term
What are 3 questions you might ask when evaluating a norm chart?
Definition

1. Were the sampling procedures for the construction of the norms based on a wide distribution of the poulation?

2. Was a large sample size used to construct the norms?

3. Are the norms being used for the specific groups for which they were prepared?

Term
What are the 2 classifications of tests?
Definition
Laboratory tests and field tests
Term
Two factors of Economy
Definition
Money and time
Term
What are the primary determinants of body appearance?
Definition

1. the skeleton

2. muscle

3. fat

Term
What is a somatotype?
Definition
a quantitative description of the present structure and composition of the body.
Term
Who was the somatotype developed by?
Definition
W.H. Sheldon
Term
What are the three primary components of somatotype?
Definition

Endomorphy

Mesomorphy

Ectomorphy

Term
What is Endomorphy?
Definition
the relative predominance of soft roundness throughout the body.
Term
what is Mesomorphy?
Definition
the relative predominance of muscle, bone, and connective tissue.
Term
Ectomorphy?
Definition
refers to the relative predominance of linearity and fragility.
Term
what term describes the distribution of female physique types differing from the male distribution of physique types?
Definition
sexual dimorphism
Term
The somatotype doesnt tell you anything abaout a person's _________ or ____ ________.
Definition
height or body proportionality
Term
what two factors influence differences in somatotype components?
Definition
genes and enviornment
Term
What is Anthropometry?
Definition
Measurnment of body size and proportions including skinfold thickness, circumferences, bony widths and lengthes, height, and body wieght.
Term
In regards to body composition, the two component model is based on?
Definition
the amount of fat and fatfree mass of which the body is composed.
Term
In regards to body compostion, what is the four (4) component model?
Definition
fat, protein, mineral, and water
Term
why assess body composition?
Definition

1. important for health

2.esablish reasonable fattness ranges for athletes in different sports.

3.developing sound weight reduction programs

4.knowledge of bone mineral content in women and children.

5. moniter changes in body composition in regards to disease.

Term
What is an essential fat?
Definition

fat that is required for normal physiological functioning

ie. synthesis of hormones, transport of fat soluble vitamins

Term
what is storage fats?
Definition
fat stored in adipose tissue for energy.
Term
Where do females store fat?
Definition
pelvic and thigh regions
Term
where do males store fat?
Definition
upper torso and around abdomen
Term
research has found that adipose tissue not only acts as a storehouse for fat, but and __________ organ that secrets more then a dozen peptides and non peptides compounds that trigger changes throughout the body. what is one of these chamicals?
Definition

endocrine

leptin

Term
what are the 6 causes of obesity epidemic?
Definition

1. energy intake exceeding expenditure (human body built for scarcity, not abundencce)

2. Decreased physical activity

3. increased consumption of calories

4. social enviornment

5. Biology (genetics)

6. viruses

Term
What are the two methods for assessing body composition?
Definition

Direct method- chemical anylysis of human cadavers

Indirect Method- noninvasive techniques on living persons

Term
what are some criticisms of height weight tables?
Definition

1. do not consider body composition

2. tables come from white, middle-class us adults age 25-59

3. No method for determining frame size

Term
density=
Definition
mass/volume
Term
what are 2 methods of body volume measurnment?
Definition

1. underwater weighing

2. air-displacement plethysmolography

Term
Equations to determine body density make two assumptions which are?
Definition

1. the human body has two compartments (fat and non-fat)

2. Each has densities which are known constants (fat 0.9g/mol and non-fat 1.1g/mol)

Term
Which method was considered the "gold standard" for validating skinfold caliper formulae?
Definition
hydrostatic weighing
Term
Problem with densitometry?
Definition
cadavers have shown that density of non-fat compartment varies as a function of age, sex, and racial group.
Term
BMI=
Definition
mass (kg) /(height (m))squared
Term
on the BMI scale what values indicate underweight, overweight, and obese?
Definition
18.5, 25, and 30
Term
Criticisms of BMI?
Definition
1. does not differentiate body composition
Term
Which method is better to determine obesity related health risks then BMI?
Definition
Waist circumference, and/or waist-to-hip
Term
what are the 2 ways to use fatfolds?
Definition

1. use the sum relative to others, comparing before and after

2. fatfolds inconjunction with equations compared to tables

Term
Assumptions using skinfold measurnments?
Definition

1. constant densities

2. proper identification of measurnment site and proper technique.

3. constant compressibility of the skin

4. fixed adipose tissue patterning

5. fixed proportion of internal and external fat

Term
What are the two (2) types of body composition prediction equations?
Definition

1. population specific equations .example -Yuhasz

2. Generalized equations .example Jackson and pollock

Term
In the sum of 5 skinfolds which skinfolds are measured?
Definition
triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, and medial calf
Term
How does Bioelectrical Impoedence Analysis work?
Definition
send electrical current through the body. The higher the electrical resistance the fatter the subject because adipose tissue has a greater impedance then bone and muscle.
Term
what is NIR?
Definition
near infrared interactance
Term
What are some other methods for determining body composition?
Definition

1. dual x-ray absorptiometry

2. Total body water - hydrometry

3. Ultrasound

4. MRI magnetic resonance imaging

5. CT Computerized tomography

6. Total body potassium

Term
Decreased muscle mass associated with aging=
Definition
sarcopenia
Term
what are the stages of post natalgrowth?
Definition

1. Neonatal Period (birth-4months)

2. Infancy ( -two years)

3. Childhood (-puberty)

4. Adolescence ( -17/18)

5. Adulthood

Term
Distance curve?
Definition
measurnments taken at intervals are plotted against time
Term
Velocity curve
Definition
increments in growth are plotted against time to show variation in the rate of growth with time
Term
Longitudinal data?
Definition
derived from a single individual or the same group of individuals over a period of years
Term
Cross-sectional data?
Definition
measurnments are made of several children in each age group and are combined to form a cross-sectional picture of the various age groups in the community
Term
How many years difference between girls and boys maturity at the age of puberty?
Definition
2
Term

Peak height velocity in boys?

girls?

Definition

13.5

11.5

Term
Reach final height at age ____ for boys and _____ for girls.
Definition

17/18

14/15

plus or minus 2 years

Term
Osteoporosis?
Definition
a condition of the bones where they become very thing and brittle due to decrease mineral content.
Term
which two vitamins are neccessary during peak linear growth?
Definition
Calcium and vitamin D
Term
Menarche refers to-
Definition
the onset of menstruation
Term
Menstruation occurs at age
Definition

12.8-13

when peak height velocity begans to decline

Term
what is Radiology?
Definition
Skeletal age
Term
Factors influencing growth and maturation
Definition

1. Genetic control

2. nutrition

3. secular trends

4. season and climate

Term
What property does muscle cells posess that no other cells do?
Definition
Contractility
Term
What are the three (3) types of muscle tissue?
Definition

1. skeletal muscle

2. smooth muscle

3. cardiac muscle

Term
Criteria used to name muscles?
Definition

1. shape

2. Action

3. location

4. Divisions

5. size

6. direction

Term

1. Unipennate-

2. Bipennate-

3. Multipennate-

4. Longitudinal-

5. Radiate-

Definition

1. Unipennate- all fasciculi insert on one side of a tendon

2. Bipennate-Fasciculi insert on both sides of tendon

3. Multipennate-convergence of several tendons

4. Longitudinal-fasciculi run parallel alon muscle

5. Radiate- fibers fan out from a single attachment

Term

1. Prime mover-

2. antagonist-

3. Fixators/stabilizers- 

Definition

1. Prime mover- muscle whos contraction is primarily responsible for a particular movement

2. antagonist-muscle that oppose another upon contraction

3. Fixators/stabilizers- muscles that immobilize a bone or joint near the origin of the prime mover

Term

Orgin-

Insertion-

Belly-

Definition

Orgin- less movable end of a muscle, ussually proximal

Insertion-more movable end of muscle, usually distal

Belly-widest portion of a muscle

Term
What are the three layers of connective tissue?
Definition

endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

surrounding muscle fibers, bundles of muscle fibers, and whole muscles

Term
Within each muscle fiber are many _________.
Definition
myofibrils
Term
The two contractile proteins are?
Definition
actin, and myosin
Term
each repeated array of contractile proteins is called a __________.
Definition
sarcomere
Term
________ can induce capillary angiogenesis.
Definition
Training
Term
when an axon seperates to spread to muscle fiber it is called?
Definition
bifurcation
Term
All-or-nothing-law
Definition
when the action potential is so great that it passes down the axon
Term

SO-

FOG-

FG-

Definition

SO- slow oxidative type 1

FOG-fast oxidative glycolytic type 2a

FG-fast glycolytic type 2b

Term
There are 2 methods by which a muscle can control force production:
Definition

1. Multiple Motor Unit Summation- activating more motor units

2. Frequency or wave summation- the rate at which signals are passed down the axon.

Term
What are the three (3) types of contractions?
Definition

1. isometric

2. concentric

3. eccentric

Term
power=
Definition
force • velocity
Term
three factors which affect expression of strenght of muscle
Definition

1. speed of shortening

2. the initial length

3. the angle of pull

Term
Uses of Biomechanical analyses
Definition
  • improvement of sports skills
  • Design of sports equipment
  • prevention of injury
  • clinical analysis of movemnt pathologies
  • Design of prostheses
  • design of rehab devices
Term

Qualitative analysis-

Quantitative analysis-

Definition

a non-numerical description

a numarically based analysis

Term
Force=
Definition
mass×acceleration
Term
Weight=
Definition
mass×acceleration
Term
What are two (2) methods for determing center of gravity?
Definition

1. reaction board method

2. Segmental method

Term
momentum=
Definition
mass times velocity
Term
Newtons laws of mtion:
Definition

1. Law of Inertia

2. Law of acceleration

3. Law of reaction

Term
work=
Definition
force times distance
Term
running speed=
Definition
stride length times stride rate
Term
Strength testing techniques:
Definition

1. One repitition maximum

2. Dynamometer technique

Term
Strength testing considerations
Definition
  1. Standardized instructions
  2. Warmup of uniform duration and intensity
  3. angle of measurnment is the same
  4. specificity
  5. safety
Term
Effect of various factors on strength:
Definition
1. Muscle cross sectional area (size)
2. Body size
3. muscle fiber composition
4. mechanical factors
  • initial length
  • The angle of pull
  • The speed of shortening
     
5. sex and age
 
Term

Hypertrophy-

hyperplasia-

Definition

Hypertrophy- an increase in the size of the cells

hyperplasia- an increase in the number of cells

Term
Function of the Skeleton
Definition
  • Provides supporting framework
  • provides attachment points for muscles creating levers
  • provides protection
  • blood cell formation
  • Mineral storage- calcium and phosphorus 
Term
The major building blocks of bone are:
Definition
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate
  • collagen fibers
  • water 
Term
Bones are made of cells called __________.
Definition
osteocytes surrounded by a matrix(25%water, 25% protein, 50% mineral salts)
Term
longitudinal growth of bone occurs at ________ plate.
Definition
epiphyseal
Term
Clasification of bones:
Definition
  • Long bones
  • Short bones 
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
Term
The vertebrae in the spine:
Definition
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5)
  • coccygeal (4) 
Term
Disks in your spine function as :
Definition
shock absorbers
Term
Three types of joints:
Definition
  1. Fibrous joint- immovable
  2. Cartilaginous joint- slightly movable 
  3. Synovial joint- freely movable
Term

Scoliosis-

Kyphosis-

Lordosis-

Definition

Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature

Kyphosis- exagerated posterior thoracic curve

Lordosis- exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

Term

Synovial fluid has two (2) functions:

 

Definition
  1. Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over eachother during joint movement
  2. supplies nutrients to, and removes waste products from the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply 
Term
Ligament-
Definition
fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together
Term
Tendon-
Definition

fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

 

Term
Bursa-
Definition
Small sack of synovial fluid located at friction points between tendons and bones
Term

Frontal plane-

Saggital plane-

Transverse plane-

Definition

Frontal plane- divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Saggital plane- divides body into right and left sides

Transverse plane- divides body into superior and inferior portions

Term
Joint movements:
Definition
  1. flexion, extension
  2. abduction, adduction
  3. ratation- inwards (medial); outwards (lateral)
  4. Supination, pronation
  5. elevation, depression
  6. plantar flexion, dorsiflexion 
Term
common joint disorders:
Definition
  1. sprain
  2. dislocation
  3. subluxation
  4. bursitis
  5. arthritis 
Term
Structural limits to fllexibility:
Definition
  1. Bony sturcture of the joint
  2. ligaments
  3. joint capsules
  4. muscle tendon unit (major focus of stretching is to elongate this tissue) 
Supporting users have an ad free experience!