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key-terms for U. S history 1301
To help your study more effectively I am providing a list key of terms for each week that will make up the course exams
74
History
Undergraduate 1
05/23/2012

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Term
Cahokia
Definition
The remains of the most sophisticated prehistoric native civilization north of Mexico are preserved at Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Within the 2,200-acre tract, located a few miles west of Collinsville, Illinois, lie the archaeological remnants of the central section of the ancient settlement.
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
The Columbian exchange involves the transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.
Term
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
Definition
began in 1517 with three armed expeditions launched from the island of Cuba. These expeditions were organized by Governor Diego de Velazquez de Cuellar. This conquest resulted in a new culture.
Term
Pueblo Revolt
Definition
Religious conflict and excessive Spanish demands for tribute sparked this rebellion in 1680 of Pueblo Indians in New Mexico against their Spanish overloads
Term
Powhata
Definition
The paramount chief of the third tribal chiefdoms between the James and Potomac rivers treated the English traders as potential allies and a source of valuable goods.
Term
Pocahontas
Definition
was born around 1595 near Jamestown, Virginia. She first met English settlers in Jamestown colony in 1607. Pocahontas and John Smith developed a friendship. She gave food to the colonists and warned them of upcoming attack. When Smith left the colony in 1609, Pocahontas ended her support. In 1613 she married John Rolfe in the first US mixed marriage. She was also a 12 year old Native American girl with the youngest and least in the tribe
Term
Tobacco
Definition
a good used for trading, also it sucked a lot of nutrient out of the ground, causing the soil to go bad which led to the Indian war of 1622.
Term
Indentured Servants
Definition
a contract binding a person to the legal service of another for a specified period.
Term
The Massachusetts Colony
Definition
From parts of England they were all Puritans that did not allow religious tolerance but used the bible as their book of law.
Term
Roger Williams
Definition
was banished from the Mass Bay colony in 1636 for being a religious dissident. Opposed congregationalism and supported separation of church and state. With other dissidents we formed Rhode Island in 1644 it had no official religion.
Term
King Philip's (Metacon's) War
1675-1676
Definition
Indians tried to coexist with colonist but conflict developed that resulted in the Indians killing 1000 settlers. 4500 Indians died. The remaining Indians fled to the countryside and later joined the French in Fighting the Puritans.
Term
Atlantic Islands (Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Sao Tome)
Definition
Islands of the coast of Africa that were used for Sugar Cane production and held many slaves.
Term
Sugar
Definition
Around 1750 sugar was a huge export from the British islands (Jamaica) to Europe.It required 1000s of slaves provided by the Dutch and lots of equipment. If American colonist wanted sugar that bought molasses from the British who later taxed it heavily.
Term
Atlantic System
Definition
Series of sugar cane plantations throughout the West Indies islands and along the coast of Central and South America. British merchants provided equipment and slaves for the plantations.
Term
Bacon‘s Rebellion
Definition
Nathaniel Bacon led an armed rebellion that began with settler attacks on Indians but which culminated in a rebellion against the royal governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, in 1676. The rebellion was the product of Berkeley's political favoritism, economic exploitation, and Indian policy
Term
Virginia Slave Code of 1705
Definition
Series of laws enacted by the house of Burgess in Virginia regulating the interactions between slaves and the citizens. Was the beginning of slave legislation.
Term
Stono Rebellion
Definition
Spanish officials' promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida inspired this uprising of South Carolina slaves against whites in 1739.
Term
Middle Colonies
Definition
New York, New Jersey, and Penn. Became home to people of different origins, languages, and religions.
Term
German Immigrants in Pennsylvania
1683-1786
Definition
three waves of Germans immigrated for various reasons. They brought their language and culture and wanted to preserve it.
Term
Benjamin Franklin
Definition
born 1706 a deist and writer and printer he added a secular dimension to colonial life.
Term
Glorious Revolution
Definition
1689 wigs in England in a bloodless coup protestant bishop overthrew the catholic leaders. In the US the Protestants and Puritans ship the catholic governor back to England. Creating a new royal colony with less religious control.
Term
House of Commons:
Definition
the lower house of the British Parliament, which included representatives elected by England's upper class.
Term
Radical Whig
Definition
an 18th century faction in British Parliament that protested political corruption, the growing cost of the Empire, and influence on government of a wealthy class of financier.
Term
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
Definition
Fourth in the series of great wars between England and France, this conflict (1754<>1763) had its focal point in North America and pitted the French and their Native American allies against the English and their Native American allies. Known in Europe as the Seven Years' War, this struggle drove the French from North America.
Term
Proclamation of 1763
Definition
after fighting the Indians Britain issued a proclamation prohibiting white settlement west of the Appalachians.
Term
Consumer (also called the Commercial) Revolution
Definition
after the industrial revolution there was a marked increase in the consumption of goods by individuals.
Term
The Great Awakening Period
Definition
when numerous religious groups existed. Women were suddenly allowed in church activity which spurred the women’s rights movement.
Term
Deference (submission) and Dependence
Definition
Early colony’s often showed deference to Briton as they had no army and were dependent on England to buy tobacco.
Term
Coercive (also called the Intolerable) Acts
Definition
Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing the Coercive Acts in 1774. They were unjust acts in that they intended to punish Boston and Massachusetts generally for the crime committed by a few individuals. Colonists called these (combined with the Quartering and Quebec acts) the Intolerable Acts.
Term
Virtual Representation
Definition
People that argued that colonists were virtually represented in Parliament because every Member of Parliament stood for the interests of the empire. Colonists insisted that since they did not actually elect voting members of Parliament to represent their interests, Parliament did not represent them.
Term
Actual Representation
Definition
representation by an individual within the group being represented.
Term
Common Sense
Definition
was the revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine in January 1776. It was a bold call for independence and the establishment of republican government in America.
Term
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Definition
In these first skirmishes of the Revolutionary War, which took place on April 19, 1775, British forces brushed by American militia at Lexington, then pushed on to Concord, where they met stronger resistance. On the long retreat back to Boston, the British suffered 273 dead, wounded, or missing as a consequence of hit-and-run actions by American militiamen.
Term
Critical Period
Definition
time after the American Revolution when George Washington is President. Articles of Confederation were drafted to hold the country together.
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
The Articles (ratified in 1781) were the United States’ first constitution. They sharply limited central authority by denying the national government any coercive power including the power to tax and to regulate trade. The articles set up the loose confederation of states that comprised the first national government from 1781 to 1788.
Term
James Madison
Definition
4th president and a federalist considered the father of the constitution and author of the federalist papers (1788). Drafted the first 10 amendments to the constitution.
Term
Federalists
Definition
Federalists advocated ratification of the Constitution; they were centralizing nationalists.
Term
Antifederalists
Definition
opposed ratification of the Constitution; they were states' rightists and were concerned that the Constitution contained no Bill of Rights.
Term
Alexander Hamilton:
Definition
Secretary of the Treasury under President George Washington. A strong federalist formed the first national bank. He sold notes and caused the first national debt. Also got revenue by implementing new tariffs and taxes.
Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition
principle author of the declaration of Independence and third president of the United States. First Secretary of State under Washington. With Madison formed the Democratic-Republican Party.
Term
Democratic-Republican Party
Definition
Founded 1791. By Jefferson and Madison. Opposed the federal programs of Alexander Hamilton. Finally dissolved into Jacksonian Democratic and National Republications who formed the wig party and then the civil war era Republican Party.
Term
Federalist Party
Definition
party gained popularity when Alexander Hamilton was treasurer and formed a national bank. Federalist believed the country should be under the control of the federal government. Also called nationalist. George Washington was president but considered an Independent. Madison was the only Federalist president
Term
Alien and Sedition Acts
Definition
In 1798 the Federalist Congress passed the four acts collectively known as the Alien and Sedition Acts to attack the Republican party and suppress dissent against Federalist policies. The Acts curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the United States.
Term
Louisiana Purchase
Definition
In 1803 the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleonic France for $15 million. The purchase secured U.S. control of the Mississippi River and nearly doubled the size of the nation.
Term
Irish Catholic Immigrants
Definition
Poorest immigrants left due to overpopulation and potato blight. Went to new cities and became labor workers and washwomen. Built lots of churches then schools, charities. Political organizations and orphanages
Term
First Industrial Revolution
Definition
the great transformation in manufacturing goods that begins in England about 1750 and spread and eventually around the world. It consisted of three interrelated aspects: inanimate power (first from improved waterwheels and then from steam engines), advances in machine technology, and discipline labor working in factories
Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition
A populist president who believed in a small central government but strong executive when it came to the military. Being anti-federalist he vetoes reauthorization of Hamilton’s National Bank. Money was based on gold and silver so Jackson had it all moved from the National Bank to State banks called Jackson’s pet banks. He also signed the Indian removal act that removed Indians from their land and put them in reservations.
Term
Cherokee Removal
Definition
The Indian Removal Act and Treaty of New England removed Indians from their lands to reservations in Kansas and Oklahoma
Term
Rail Roads
Definition
During industrial revolution railroads started at mines and to haul freight. Then expanded to carry people. They were faster and could haul more freight.
Term
Second Great Awakening
Definition
began as an emotional counteroffensive to the deism identified with the French Revolution. The Second Great Awakening ministers assaulted Calvinism by stressing the mercy, love, and benevolence of God. They emphasized the ability of people to control their own fate, even achieve their own salvation.
Term
Abolition Movement
Definition
A movement to end slavery. They were a varied collection of reformers, and often disagreed about how to accomplish their goal. Both white reformers and many free blacks were active abolitionists.
Term
Women‘s Rights Movement
Definition
began during second awakening as women were allowed to participate in church activities. Women wanted equal pay, to be able to hold office, own land basically all the same rights that men had.
Term
Slave Resistance to Slavery
Definition
slaves resisted by working slow, killing or being physical or verbally abusive, escape into the woods, forging documents and helping each other to susvive and escape.
Term
Cotton
Definition
replace tobacco as a major crop during the antebellum period. Started in the south. States then expanded west to Texas. Required slaves to grow and harvest so spread slaves throughout the south.
Term
The Southern Slave Economy
Definition
slaves were considered property so were bought and sold. The more slaves you had the wealthier you were. Slaves were bred and sold like livestock. Slaves increased profits of labor intensive plantations by keeping labor costs low.
Term
The Texas Revolution
Definition
revolution principle by Anglos who moved into the Mexican territory of Tejas and refused to assimilate plus wanted to bring their slaves. Finally Texas was a state and admitted to the Union as a slave state.
Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
was the belief of nineteenth-century Americans that their nation's territorial expansion was inevitable and ultimately a good thing, even for those is being conquered. That Anglos were superior over Indians and Mexicans and that they should be all converted to republicanism and Protests. This conviction helped Americans justify the aggressive acquisition of new territories in the 1840s and later in the 1890s.
Term
Mexican-American War
Definition
an armed conflict between the United States of America and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.
Term
Gold Rush
Definition
started when gold was found in Sutter Mill in California in 1848. 62 ships and 12 thousand wagons headed to the gold field in 1949. The people were called 49ers. Few found gold, most died of disease. The few that made money either found gold or sold goods to miners. Soon miners started farming instead of returning east.
Term
Compromise of 1850
Definition
was Congress's attempt to settle several outstanding issues involving slavery. It banned the slave trade, but not slavery in Washington, D.C.; admitted California as a free state; applied popular sovereignty to the remaining Mexican Cession territory; settled the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute; and passed a more stringent Fugitive Slave Act.
Term
Republican Party
Definition
One of the original two political parties, the Republican Party was organized by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson and generally stood for states' rights, an agrarian economy and the interests of farmers and planters over those of financial and commercial groups, strict construction, and friendship with France and support for the cause of the French Revolution
Term
The Union and the Confederacy
Definition
Union is the Federal government but during the civil war was composed of 20 Free states. The Confederacy was the 11 southern states that had exercised secession from the Union. Some border states did not leave the Union until after the war started.
Term
Battle of Gettysburg
Definition
the battle further eroded northern support for the war but the Union victory at Vicksburg and the heavy confederate causalities at Gettysburg changed the attitudes of many southerners as well as the British who were supplying the Confederates with warships
Term
Sherman‘s March
Definition
In September 1864, General William Sherman's army captured Atlanta and began marching toward Savannah on the Georgia coast. His march to the sea was designed to defeat the enemy's forces, destroy its economic resources, and break its will to resist.
Term
Emancipation
Definition
went into effect on January 1, 1863. It freed all slaves in areas then in rebellion against the United States (the Confederacy). It made emancipation a war goal and speeded the destruction of slavery.
Term
Draft Riots
Definition
Riots by recent German and Irish immigrants protesting the Enrollment Act of 1863 opposed the draft saying it was not their war and that Lincoln was drafting poor whites to liberate blacks that would take their jobs
Term
Presidential Reconstruction
Definition
After the assassination of Lincoln Johnson a Democrat proposed conditions for the reunification of the South. Amnesty for all but high ranking Confederate officers and to all southern who swore allegiance to the United States. And appointed governors for the southern states
Term
Congressional Reconstruction
Definition
is the name given to the period from 1867 to 1870 when the Republican-dominated Congress controlled Reconstruction policy. It is sometimes known as Radical Reconstruction, after the radical faction in the Republican Party.
Term
Black Codes
Definition
were special laws passed by southern state and municipal governments immediately after the Civil War. The laws denied many rights of citizenship to free blacks and were designed to control black labor, mobility, and employment, and to get around the Thirteenth Amendment that freed the slaves. The laws outraged northerners
Term
Ku Klux Klan
Definition
Southerners who objected to congressional Reconstruction policies founded several secret terrorist societies; the Ku Klux Klan was one of these. It was organized in Tennessee in 1866 and became a vigilante group dedicated to driving blacks out of politics by using intimidation and violence.
Term
Sharecropping
Definition
During Reconstruction, southerners adopted the sharecropping system. In it, the landowners provided land, tools, housing, and seed to a sharecropping farmer who provided his labor. The resulting crop was divided between them (i.e., shared).
Term
The End of Reconstruction
Definition
After reconstructions the states are democratic, slaves are freed by the emancipation proclamation and anyone born in the US is a citizen due to the 14th amendment. But Black Codes continue to repress blacks.
Term
Indian Wars
Definition
Attack of Indians on Virginia Colony killed 343 whites. Retaliation was severe such that Britain was upset and became more involved in the operation of its colonies in the US.
Term
Chinese Exclusion Act
Definition
This law passed by Congress in 1882 signed by President Chester Arthur prohibited Chinese immigration to the United States for 10 years. Chinese starting immigrating into the US as adult males during the gold rush. They continued to immigrate into California as were seen as a threat to labor markets and troublemakers.
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