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Kassin Chapter 9
Human Development
40
Psychology
Not Applicable
03/22/2005

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Term
Developmental psychology
Definition
the study of how people grow, maure and change over the lifespan
Term
Cross sectional study
Definition
A method of developmental research in whcih people of different ages are tested and compared
Term
Longitudinal study
Definition
study in which the same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age
Term
Prenatal development
Definition
Zygote (germinal 2 weeks)-Embryo (embryonic 3 to 9 weeks) -Fetus (fetal 9th to birth)
Term
Zygote
Definition
A fertilized egg tt undergoes 2 week period of rapid cell division an develops into an embryo
Term
Embryo
Definition
A developing human organism from 2 weeks to 2 months after conception
Term
Fetus
Definition
Dvping human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Term
Teratogens
Definition
Greek- tera= monster. toxic substances tt can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development
Term
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Definition
A specific pattern of birth defects- stunted growth, facial deformity and retrdation, often found in offspring of alcoholic mothers
Term
Habituation
Definition
The tendency for attention to a novel stimulus to wane over time
Term
Recovery
Definition
following habituation to one stimulus, the tendency for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test whether infants can discriminate between stimuli)
Term
Grasping reflex
Definition
in infants, an autonomis tnedency to grasp an object tt stimulates the palm
Term
rooting reflex
Definition
in response to contact on the cheek, an infant's tendency to turn toward the stimulus and open its mouth
Term
Sensory capacities in infants
Definition
1) Vision and Visual preferences: nearsighted, colorblind, attention to human face and complexity, mimicry as social reflex
2) Hearing and auditory reflexes: muffled hearing, speech sound and tone distinctions, tracking of source of sound, prefer baby talk
Term
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Definition
Children used a logic foriegn to adults
1)Sensorimotor stage 0-2 yrs
2)Preoperational stage 2-6 yrs
3)Concrete operational stage 7-12 yrs
4)Formal operational stage 12 yrs-adult
Term
Assimilation
Definition
In Piaget's theory, the process of incorporating and changing new information to fit existnig cognitive structures
Term
Schemas
Definition
In Piaget's theory, mental representations of the world tt guide the processes of assimilation and accomodation eg view of earth being flat or shperical in children
Term
Accomodation
Definition
In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information
Term
Object permanance
Definition
the crowning cognitive dvpt in sensorimotor stage, the awareness tt objects continue to exist even after they disappear from view
Term
Separation anxiety
Definition
a fear reaction to the absence of the primary caretaker, an aspect of social dvpt tt comes with object permanance
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. the child also has the ability to pretend. child is egocentric. conservation is not yet acquired.
Term
Conservation
Definition
The understanding that physical properties of an object stay the same despite superficial changes in appearance. they think that 'what you see is what you get' eg. drinking glasses, play dough, pennies
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. object permanace and separation anxiety are dvped.
Term
Concrete operational stage
Definition
Child can think logically about concrete objects and can add ad subtract, an understands consevation. learn to take on perspectives of another person, and group objects into categories, recognizing patterns
Term
Formal Operational stage
Definition
The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms, with inductive and deductive reasoning and systematic hypothesis testing
Term
Social Development
Definition
1)Parent-Child relationship: imprinting during critical period, and attachment eg Harlow's experiment on rhesus monkeys
Term
Critical period
Definition
a period of time when an organism must be exposed to a certain stimulus for proper dvpt to occur
Term
Attachment
Definition
A deep emotional bond tt an infant dvps with its primary caretaker in 2nd half of 1st year
Term
Styles of attachment
Definition
Strange-situation test: separation-and-reunion test of baby's reactions: secure attachment or insecure attachment
Term
Puberty
Definition
the period of life from childhood to adulthood, corresponding roughly to the ages of thirteen to twenty.
Term
Cognitive development in puberty
Definition
Moral reasoning: preconventional (satisfy slef-serving motives), conventional (resolved by laws and norms) and postconventional levels (based on abstract principles like justice, equality and value of life, moral if affirmed in conscience, even if breaks law)
Term
Life span
Definition
the maximum age for members of a given species
Term
life expectancy
Definition
the number of years that an average member of species is expected to live
Term
Aging in the adult years
Definition
the muscles, heart and lungs, vision and speed of reflexes reduce in capacity after peaking at about 30. women experience menopause at about 50, when estrogen levels are lowered. in 60s to 70s, physical aging is more evident in wrinkles, loss of hearing and sight and shrinkage.
Term
Aging and intellectual functions
Definition
Memory and forgetting: decline in memory attributed to 1) sensory acuity and 2) neural speed
Alzheimer's disease: a cause of dementia, a mental disorder that causes severe cognitive impairments due to brain damage, and kills brain cells at a terrifying pace.
Term
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Definition
A disease tt causes brain tisue to have wads of sticky debris called plagues, tt kill brain cells. believed to be an accumulation of toxins in the brain tt kill cells producing acetylcholine. after diagnosis, the patient has about 8 yrs to live, and experience depression, change in personality, bursts of anger, severe loss of memory and cognitive functions as well as physical functions. no cure, but temporary relief in form of boosting acetylcholine. vaccine is being sought, to innoculate, but no known prevention yet.
Term
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Definition
Fluid: the ability to reason quickly and abstractly, solve problems of logic, detect letter or number sequences or think in 2D.
Crystallized: an accumulation of factual knowledge, skill or expertise as mesaured by one's grammar or vocab, or ability to add/subtract.
Term
Erikson's 8 stages of dvpt
Definition
Infancy (0-1): trust vs mistrust
Toddler (1-2): autonomy vs shame and doubt
Preschool (3-5): initiative vs guilt
Elementary school (6-12): industry vs inferiority
Adolescence(13-19): identity vs role confusion
Young adulthood (20-40): intimacy vs isolation
Middle adulthood (40-65): generativity vs stagnation
Late adulthood (>65): integrity vs despair
Term
Social clock
Definition
a set of cultural expectations concerning the most appropriate age for men and women to leave home, marry, start a career, have children and retire
Term
Life satisfaction
Definition
Life satisfaction does not vary with age, even though self esteem dioes vary from esch stage of life to the next. highest self esteem in 60s, lowest from 18-22.
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