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K-state, Dr. Yasmin Patell
Chapters 3,4, and 5
114
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
07/06/2008

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is an amu?
Definition

An amu is an atomic mass unit. That is a mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of carbon 12-atom.

 

Therefore 1 atom of 12C "weighs" 12 amu.

Term

The weights listed on the periodic table are all the __________ atomic mass.

Definition
average
Term

Show the formula for finding the average atomic mass.

Definition

(Percentage1 x amu1) + (Percentage2 x amu2)

100

Term
What is the numeral value for Avagadro's number?
Definition
6.022 x 1023
Term
What is a mol?
Definition
The mole(mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
Term

What is the molar mass of anything?

Definition

It is the mass of 1 mole of a substance in grams.

For any element the atomic mass= the molar mass.

Term
The sum of the atomic masses(in amu) in a mole is what?
Definition
The molar mass
Term

This is the sum of the atomic masses(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.

Definition
The Formula mass
Term

For any molecule

what = what?

Definition
the molecular mass (amu)=the molar mass (grams)
Term

For any ionic compound

what always = what?

Definition
Formula mass (amu)= molar mass (grams)
Term

what is this formula?

 

n x molar mass of element   x 100%

molar mass of compound             

Definition
Percent composition
Term
What is the percent composition?
Definition
It shows the different percentages that make-up a substance.
Term
What is are the three steps of going from a mass percent, to an empirical formula?
Definition

1. convert the mass percent to grams and divide by the molar mass, which gives the moles of each element.

2. divide the moles of each element by the smallest number of moles, which gives the mole ratios of elements

3.change the mole ratios of an element to integer subscripts, and that produces the empirical formula.

Term
Once you have the empirical formula you must (_______) the subscripts by an intergral factor to obtain the molecular formula.
Definition
multiply
Term

  Molecular mass of a compound   = (WHAT?)

empirical molar mass               

Definition
the intergral factor
Term

What is a chemical reaction?

Definition
Where one or more substances are changed into one or more mew substances.
Term
What is a chemical equation?
Definition
It uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction.
Term

2 NH3

 

 

What is the proper name for the 2 in this molecule?

Definition
Stoiciametric coefficiant
Term

What is the best way to get the best way to get the amounts of reactants and products?

____->____->____->____

Definition
grams->mols->mols->grams
Term
What is the limiting reactant?
Definition
It is the reactant that runs out, is used up, first.
Term
What is the theoretical yeild?
Definition

It is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Term
What is actual yeild?
Definition
It is the amount of product actualy obtained from a reaction
Term

Actual Yield       x 100

Theoretical Yield               

 

 

What formula is this?

Definition
The formula for % Yield
Term
What is a solute?
Definition

It is a substance that is present in the smaller amounts of the solution

Term
What is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances?
Definition
A Solution
Term

What is a solvent?

Definition
It is the substace present in the larger amount in the solution.
Term

_____ is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct elecctricity.

Definition
An Electrolyte
Term
A non-electrolyte is?
Definition
A substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.
Term

What is 100% dissociated into ions? A strong or weak electrolyte?

Definition
A strong, it is an electrolyte that exists in a solution almost entirely as ions.
Term
What is only partially dissociated into ions? A strong or weak electrolyte?
Definition
Weak electrolyte, it is an electrolyte that dissovles in water to give a relatively small percentage of ions. There is an equilibrium between the dissociated and non-dissociated species.
Term

what does the following symbol mean?

 

------>

<-----

Definition
That the reaction is reversible, and that the reaction can occur both ways.
Term

What type of electrolyte does NOT conduct electricity?

Definition

A non-electrolyte

Term

Which of the following is a strong electrolyte?

 

HF

HCLO4

H2O

Definition
HCLO4
Term
Is NaOH a strong electrolyte?
Definition
Yes
Term

Which one of the following is a strong electrolyte?

 

NaCl

MgO

H2SO4

Definition

H2SO4

Term

Choose the strong electrolyte(s)

 

Ba(OH)2

HCl

HNO3

Ionic Compounds

Definition
All of them
Term
What are the two main categories for non-electrolytes?
Definition
sugars or alchohols
Term
What happens in a precipitation reaction?
Definition

Two solutions on ionic compounds are mixed and a solid ionic substance(a precipitate) is formed.

Term
This is an insoluable solid compound formed during a chemical reaction in solution.
Definition
A precipitate
Term

Metathesis reaction is what?

Definition
is a reation in which the reacting species exchanges "partners".
Term
To determine if an insoluable product will be formed, we must....?
Definition
Learn the soluablity rules.
Term
What is soluability?
Definition
It is the maximum amount  of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent as a specific temperature.
Term

What is a chemical equation in which the reactants and products are written as molecules or whole units?

Definition
Molecular Equation
Term
An ionic equation is what?
Definition

It is a chemical equation in which the dissolved species are written as seperate ions in an aqueous solution.

Term
This is an ionic equation from which the spectator ions have been cancelled out.
Definition
Net Ionic Equation
Term

If A+B- + C+D- is the intial equation, what will the reaction be?

Definition
C+B- + A+D-
Term
A Proton donor is a ______ acid
Definition
A Bronsted Acid
Term
A Bronsted Base is what?
Definition
A proton acceptor.
Term

A Bronsted Acid must contain at least one what?

Definition
ionizable proton
Term

Which one, strong acids or weak acids, make strong electrolytes?

Definition
Strong Acids
Term
Strong Acids and Strong Bases do what in water?
Definition
completely ionize
Term

What is a Strong Base?

Definition
It is a base that ionizes completely in water.
Term
This is a reaction between an acid and a base that results in an ionic compound(salt) and possibly water.
Definition

Neutralizatoin Reaction

Term

Salt is an ionic compound whose cation comes from, where?

Definition

it comes from an acid

Term
What does the net ionic equation for each acid-base reaction involve?
Definition
A transfer of protons
Term
What do some certan salts (e.g. Carbonates, sulfites, and sulfides) react with acid to do what?
Definition
to form a gaseous product
Term
What does OiLRiG stand for?
Definition
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, it is an easy way to remember which one does what. Oxidation Loses, it's charge. While Reuction Gains a charge.
Term
What is the name for the charge that the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electronswere completely transferred?
Definition

The Oxidation Number

Term
What kind of charge do elements in their uncombinded states have?
Definition

they have an oxidation number of zero

Term
What is the oxidation charge of monatomic ions?
Definition
The oxidation charge is equal to the charge on the ion.
Term

What is usually the charge for Oxygen?

What about H2O2?

What about 022-

Definition

Usually the charge is -2

 

For peroxide it is -1

 

For Oxide it is -1

Term
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion is equal to what?
Definition
It is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion.
Term

What do Group IA metals have as their oxidation charge?

 

Definition

+1

Term

Group IIA metals are what oxidation charge?

 

What charge is always Flourine?

Definition

+2

 

-1

Term
What is the idea of a combination reaction?
Definition

A + B ---> C

 

It is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product

Term
This is a reaction in which a single compound reacts to give two or more substances.
Definition

A Decomposition Reaction

 

C ---> A + B

Term
A displacement reaction is refered to as a.....?
Definition
Single-replacement
Term
A Single-replacement action is an reaction in which what happens?
Definition
It is where one metal displaces another metal, or hydrogen, from a compound or aqueous solution.
Term
A combustion reaction is what?
Definition
It is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually with the rapid release of heat to produce a flame.
Term

What is a Disproportionate Reaction?

Definition

It is a reaction in which an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidised and reduced.

Term

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution is what?

Definition
That is it's Molar Concentration(molarity)
Term
what is the formula for finding out the molarity of a substance?
Definition

Molarity =     moles of solute

                  liters of solution

Term

what is this formula solving for?

 

Moles of solute

liters of solution

Definition

the molarity of a substance

 

it's answer is going to be in:  mol/L

Term

What is this equation for?

 

MiVi = MfVf

Definition
Dilution of a solution
Term
Dilution is what?
Definition
It is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.
Term
What is it when a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually to another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction between the two solutions is complete?
Definition
Titration
Term
This is the point at when an Acid-Base reaction is complete.
Definition

Equilalence point

Term
The indicator in an Acid-Base reaction does what?
Definition
It is a substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point, indicating the end of the reaction.
Term

 A gas is a substance that exists @ what temperature?

Definition

@ 25o C and 1 atm

Term

What does a gas do to the volume of it's container?

Definition
It assumes the volume and shape of it.
Term
Is gas the most compressible state of matter?
Definition
Yes it is
Term

Gases will not mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container?

 

 

True or False?

Definition

False

 

Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container.

Term

Do gases have a much lower density than liquids or solids?

Definition
Yes they do.
Term
What is the formula for pressure?
Definition

P=   Force

       Area

 

Force= mass x acceleration

Term
1 N/m2 = what unit of pressure?
Definition

1 pascal(Pa)

Term
760 torr = 760 mmHg = ???
Definition
1 atm
Term
What is used to measure the atmosperic pressure?
Definition
A Barometer
Term
Does atmospheric presure increase or decrease with altitude?
Definition
decreases, there is less atmosphere, therefore less pressure
Term
mmHg is what?
Definition
manometers of Mercury
Term
What is the equation for finding the pressure of a vaccum?
Definition
Pgas=Ph
Term
What is the equation for an opened tube, used to measure pressure?
Definition
Pgas=Ph+Patm
Term

The pressure of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas.

 

What is this?

Definition
Boyle's Law
Term
In Boyle's Law are Pressure and Volume proportional?
Definition
Yes: as the pressure goes up the volume will go down, and vica versa
Term
State Boyle's Law is Symbolic Terms
Definition
P1V1 = P2V2
Term

The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.

 

What law is this?

What unit is the highlighted section in?

Definition

Charles' Law

 

Kelvin:  (Co + 273)

Term
In Charles' Law, Volume is directly propotional to ?
Definition
Temperature
Term
State Charles' Law in symbolic form.
Definition

V1 = V2

T1    T2

Term
In the event that all three parameters, Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, are changing, what Law would you use? Boyle's or Charles'?
Definition

BOTH!!! HAHA I TRICKED YOU!!!

 

you use the combined gas law

 

 

 

 wow...that was good!

Term
State the combined gas law in symbols.
Definition

P1V1 = P2V2

T1        T2

Term

At constant pressure and temperature, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present.

 

What law is this?

Definition

Avogadro's Laws

 

(Tip for remembering: it uses the thing that Avogadro was famous for)

Term
In Avogadro's Law, is the volume and number of moles(n) directly proportional?
Definition
yes they are.
Term
What is the formula for Avogadro's Law?
Definition

V1 = V2

n1    n2

Term

What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

Definition
PV = nRT
Term
What is the definition of R in PV = nRT?
Definition
It is the gas constant.
Term

What is the numerical value of R in PV = nRT?

Definition

R = .0821 L atm

               mol K

Term
What is the name for the conditions 0oC and 1 atm?
Definition
They are the standard temperature and pressure (STP)
Term

Density calculations are done by dividing PM by what?

Definition

d=  PM

       RT

 

Pressure x Molar Mass

       R(gas constant) x Temperature      

 

 D also = m/V

Term

Show the formula for the Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance.

 

What is the Symbol for Molar Mass?

Definition

M= dRT

     P

 

d is the density of the gas in g/L

 

M

Term
What does Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures state?
Definition

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone.

Term
State Dalton's Law in a formula.
Definition
Ptotal = P1 + P2
Term

State what the symbols of the following formula mean.

 

PA = XAPT

Definition

PA = Partial Pressure of Gas

XA= mol fraction of Gas

PT = Total Pressure

 

XA = nA / nT

 

Term

Could the first formula substitute for the second?

 

PA = XAPT

 

PA = ( nA / nT ) PT

Definition
Yes it will
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