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K.Orthopedics
Dr. Krywicki
61
Medical
Graduate
09/08/2007

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Cards

Term
What are the five basic functions of bone?
Definition
1. Structure
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Storage
5. Erythropoeisis
Term
Bone becomes an ossicification center by having a nutrient artery penetrate the cartilage. This occurs in which week of development.
a. 12th
b. 6th
c. 7th
d. 3rd
Definition
c. 7th
Term
Tubular or long bones form by what type of ossification?
a. intramembranous
b. endochondral
Definition
b. Endochondral. This type of ossification occurs when cartilaginous cells are calcified and then reasorbed.
Term
Flat bones are formed by what type of ossification?
Definition
Intramembranous ossification. In this type of ossification there is no cartilaginous remnant.
Term
Flat bones are formed by what type of ossification?
Definition
Intramembranous ossification.
In this type of ossification there is no cartilaginous remnant.
Term
Describe the difference between osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.
Definition
Osteoblasts-form bone, they secrete the material that forms bone.
Osteoclasts-absorb bone
Osteocytes-they are osteoblasts encompassed in bone
Term
What is Wolff's law and why is it important to bone formation?
Definition
It is a law of physics that basically states that bone formation occurs under stress and the side of bone exposed to compression forces will form thicker, while the side of bone exposed to tension will form thinner.
Basically bone pressed together grows thicker, while bone pulled apart grows thinner.
Term
Bone is formed as a crystalline structure, the main components of this structure are?
Definition
Calcium and phosphorus. Together they form a crystalline structure called hydroxyapatite
Term
What are the three regions of endochodral or long bones?
Definition
Diaphyseal region
Metaphyseal region
Epiphyseal region-secondary ossification center.
Term
The periosteum covers what region of long bones?
Definition
The diaphyseal region.
The periosteum thins as we grow older.
Term
The diaphyseal region of long bones has an outer periosteum and an inner endochondral membrane that function to do what?
Definition
These two surfaces help to heal broken bones and add to the diameter of bone.
Term
As we age, what two phenomena occur in the diaphysis oflong bones?
Definition
The diameter of the bone increases and the the medullary canal of the bone widens.
This helps to protect bone to increase its torsional strenght as osteoporosis occurs.
Term
The nutrient artery penetrates where on a bone?
Definition
Into the diaphysis. It branches into a proximal and a distal branch upon entry.
Term
At what age in children does the communication between the external epiphyseal artery and the internal nutrient artery become shut off in long bones?
a. one
b. three
c. two
d. four
Definition
a. one year of age.
Term
What is the significance of the the link between the epiphyseal artery and the nutrient artery in developing bone?
Definition
This is inportnat infections. Infection can spread from the diaphysis to the epiphysis producing a septic joint in infants.
Term
Where do long bones grow in lenght?

In width?
Definition
The epiphyis

The Diaphysis
Term
What are the names of the 4 zones of growth in the epiphysis?
Definition
The reserve zone
The proliferative zone
The hypertrophic zone
The zone of provisonal calcification
Term
In what basic way do the 4 zones in the epiphysis of long bones differ?
Definition
They differ in their level of O2. O2 levels decline the closer the zone is to the metaphysis.
This is the reason that cells die, hypertrophy, then calcify as they move toward the plate.
Term
As the calcific cells reach the metaphysis, they are decalcified by_______, then _________lay down osteoid to form new bone.
Definition
Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts
Term
The nutrients arteries make a hairpin turn at the metaphyseal plate, turning from arterioles to venules. The blood and oxygen supply at the plate is poor and sluggish and __________ can be easily initiated.
Definition
Osteomyelitis
Term
What are the two types of epiphyses and what is the function of each?
Definition
Pressure epiphyses- function in longitudinal growth of the bone

Traction epiphyses- function in chnging the shape of bone.
Term
In what week of development does the normal synovial joint usually develop?
a. 10th
b. 20th
c. 8th
d. 9th
Definition
a. 10th week. It is innervated by both
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve endings.
Term
What are the functions of synovial fluid within a joint?
Definition
Nutrition- of the auricular cartilage

Lubrication- of the joint surfaces
Term
About how much synovial fluid is usually found in a joint?
Definition
About 5cc's
Term
What is synovial tissue primarily composed of?
Definition
Either macrophages or lymphoctyes
Term
Give 4 clinically significant features of synovial tissue.
Definition
It is very vasucular and has a large number of nerve endings within it

It contains cells that can produce a large amount of fluid

It is very reactive to injury

It can form a pannus- a feature of rheumatoid arthritis
Term
What are the 3 functions of hyaline cartilage?
Definition
To decrease friction

Lubrication

Shock absorption
Term
What is the clinical significance that hyaline cartilage has no blood supply?
Definition
It is not influenced by hormones, tissue rejection or neural input.
Term
Hyaline cartilage is composed of __________ collagen
Definition
Type II
Term
Hyaline cartilage is 65-80% ________

The cells imbedded within the matrix are called ____

The matrix is composed of _____ and _____
Definition
Water- This water has a high frictional resistance to flow,this gives cartilage the ability to handle large loads

Chondrocytes

Glucoproteins and proteoglycans
Term
The function of chondrocytes is?
Definition
To produce the collagen maytrix, the glycooproteins and proteoglycans that compose the hyaline cartilage matrix
Term
The auricular cartilage is composed of 4 zones, what are they?

Which zone is the transition between cartilage and bone?
Definition
Superficial zone

Middle zone- regular in organiztion

Vertical zone- deep zone

calcified cartilage zone- tarnsition between cartilage and bone.
Term
What is the clinical significance of cartilage having no blood supply?
Definition
It cannot heal itself. Cuts and tears remain permanent.
Term
How does cartilage dgenerate?
Definition
By increasing its water content.
Term
cartilagenous tears that progress into subchondral bone producing bleeding, will
unlike normal cartilage tears get healed.
What type of cartilage will repair this type of injury?
Definition
Type I cartilage will repair this defect
This type of cartilage is found in skin and bone..
Term
What stimulates the chondrocytes to lay down more matrix?
Definition
Pressure and deformation.
Loading, unloading and movement.
Term
What stimulates the breakdown of cartilage?
Definition
High impact single loading, repetitive trauma, and shearing forces
These all decrease the compression on cartilage
Term
Once an area in cartilage starts to degrade, newer chondrocytes cannot migrate to the site of injury. Why?
Definition
There is no blood supply in cartilage to bring them.
Cartilage will continue to wear away till subchondral bone is exposed
Term
The structural component of the body is _____
The articular component is ______

The power component is ______
Definition
Bone

Joints

Muscle
Term
Skeletal muscle makes up what percentage of the weight of the body?

The contractile elements of straited muscle are _______ and ________
Definition
40-45%


Myosin-thicker fiber
Actin-thinner fiber
Term
The neural input to skeletal muscle is from the _________ of the spinal cord
Definition
Anterior horn
Term
How does the anterior horn os the spinal cord connect to muscle fibers?

What is the neurotransmitter found here?
Definition
Through the motor end plate


Acetylcholine
Term
The more myofibrils controlled per motor end plate the _________ the control and sensitivity.
a. greater
b. less
Definition
b. less
Term
Contractions that shorten a muscle fiber are termed:

a. Isometric
b. Isotonic
c. Eccentric
Definition
b. Isotonic
Term
Contractions that lenghten a muscle fiber are termed:

a. Isometric
b. Isotonic
c. Eccentric
Definition
a. Eccentric
Term
Contractions that neither lenghten nor shorten a muscle fiber are termed:

a. Isometric
b. Isotonic
c. Eccentric
Definition
a. Isometric.
Term
Which type of muscular contraction generates the greatest amount of force on a tendon, and is resposible for the greatest number of injuries?

a. Isometric
b. Isotonic
c. Eccentric
Definition
C Eccentic contractions
Term
Which of the following types of muscle fibers is aerobic?

a.Type I
b.Type II
Definition
a. Type I aka slow twitch
Term
Which of the following types of muscle fibers is anaerobic and phases out as we grow older?

a.Type I
b.Type II
Definition
b. Type II -fast twitch
Term
This vertebrae has no centrum. It is a synovial joint that allows the nodding of the head.
Definition
atlas
Term
This vertebrae articulates with the atlas via a single pivot called the dens.
Definition
The axis
Term
Rotation of the skull is made possible by the ______ and the _____

Flexion, extension and lateral movement of the skull is made possible by _______through _____.
Definition
Atlas and the axis

C3 through T1
Term
How does the intervertebral disc spaces in the cervical spine differ from that of the rest of the spinal column and what is the significance of this difference?
Definition
The disc spaces are narrower. This allows less material in each disc which serves less of a cushioning role and more of a stabilizing role in connecting the vertebrae.
Term
How does the facet joints in the cervical spine differ from those of the the rest of the spinal column?
Definition
They are elaongated and slanted to allow a gliding motion with forward flexion and extension.
Term
Why is disruption, separation or dislocation of the cervical unlikely except with a great deal of force?
Definition
Because thye ligaments of the cervical vertebrae wrap around them almost completely, and the thick heavy muscles of the neck stabilize them as well.
Term
The site of attachment of muscles to the thoraic vertebrae is where?
a. the tranverse process
b. the centrum
c. the lamina
d. the spinous process
Definition
d. the spinous process
Term
The site of attachment of ribs to the thoraic vertebrae is where?
a. the tranverse process
b. the centrum
c. the lamina
d. the spinous process
Definition
d. the spinous procress
Term
Adjacent vertebrae of the thoraic spine articulate with one another in two ways.
What are they?
Definition
1. Synovial apophyseal joints

2. Intervertebral discs
Term
Apophyseal joints of the thoraic vertebrae are formed by what?
Definition
The superior and inferior articulating processes of the adjacent vertebrae. together these form a synovial joint.
Term
Intervertebral disc are composed a tough outer layer called the _______. and a soft gel-like core callled_______?
Definition
annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus
Term
The lumbar spine is sometimes composed of 6 vertebrae. True/ False
Definition
True. This may represent a lumberization of the 1st sacral segment and will have abnormal articulations with the segments above and below it.
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