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jwcc micro 8 tes
jwcc micro 8 test
71
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
07/17/2012

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Cards

Term
What is the job of enzymes?
Definition
They increase the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
Term
What is the substrate for ribozymes?
Definition
RNA
Term
Metallic cofactors perform what function in enzymatic reactions?
Definition
They activate enzymes
Term
What enzymes are always present in a cell at relatively constant amounts?
Definition
Constitutive enzymes
Term
Which molecule reacts with acetyl CoA, therefore starting the TCA cycle?
Definition
Oxaloacetic acid
Term
What often controls enzyme repression?
Definition
End-products
Term
For the most part, what type of energy operates cell transactions?
Definition
Chemical
Term
What is the most common electron carrier in biological systems?
Definition
NAD
Term
What statement describes why ATP is an unstable high-energy molecule?
Definition
The bond that joins the phosphate groups releases energy when it is broken
Term
What is the process by which ATP is formed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that occur during the final phase of respiration?
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
During the process of group translocation, glucose is brought into the cell and is chemically modified into what compound, which prevents it from leaving the cell?
Definition
Glucose-6-phosphate
Term
The NADH molecules generated during the single oxidation-reduction reaction in glycolysis will undergo further reactions in what pathway?
Definition
Electron transport chain
Term
In glycolysis a net gain of two ATPs are generated by what process
Definition
Substrate level phosphorylation
Term
Where does the Krebs cycle take place in bacteria
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
In aerobic respiration when is the first molecule of carbon dioxide released?
Definition
During the conversion step when pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA
Term
For each molecule of glucose that undergoes aerobic respiration, how many carbon dioxide molecules are released?
Definition
Six
Term
What is not a compound in the electron transport system?
Definition
NADPH dehydrogenase
Term
The coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport is known as what?
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
What drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
Distribution of electric potential across a membrane
Term
What pathway is a significant intermediate source of pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis?
Definition
Hexose monophosphate shunt
Term
Which statement regarding fermentation is incorrect?
Definition
Glucose is completely oxidized
Term
The souring of milk is due to the production of what compound during fermentation?
Definition
Lactic acid
Term
Which is not a metabolic intermediate used in amphibolic pathways?
Definition
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Term
Energy yeilding series of reactions
Definition
catabolism
Term
means "whole enzyme"
Definition
holoenzyme
Term
a nonprotein component of an active enzyme
Definition
coenzyme
Term
a measure of the rate of activity of an enzyme
Definition
turn over number
Term
a protein portion of any enzyme, inactive without a cofactor.
Definition
apoenzyme
Term
a group of enzymes that funtion as electron carries in respiration and photysynthesis
Definition
cytochromes
Term
a mechanism by which fatty acids are degraded
Definition
beta oxidation
Term
changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme
Definition
noncompetitive inhibitor
Term
very similar in shape or chemistry to the normal enzyme substrate
Definition
competitive inhibitor
Term
pyruvic acid accepts electrons and is turned into various end-products, such as lactic acid or ethanol
Definition
fermentation
Term
glucose to pyruvic acid
Definition
glycolysis
Term
direct transfer of high energy phosphate from an organic substrate to adp molecue forming atp
Definition
substrate-level phosphorylation
Term
bacteria use oxygen substitutes such as nitrates
Definition
anaerobic respiration
Term
the final electron acceptor is oxygen
Definition
aerobic respiration
Term
electrons are removed from an organic compound and are transferred by an electron transport chain to oxygen
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
Term
an electron is liberated from chlorophyll and passes down an electron transport chain
Definition
photophosphorylation
Term
A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from nicotinic acid (niacin)
Definition
NAD
Term
A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from riboflavin
Definition
FAD
Term
In chemiosmosis protons can diffuse across a membrand only through special channels that contain this enyxme
Definition
Acetyl Cenzyme A
Term
Reaction by which pyruvic acid loses carbon dioxide to form an acetyl group
Definition
decarboxylation
Term
product of pyruvic acid processing enters tca cycle as a coenzyme
Definition
ATP synthase
Term
When an enzyme's active site is occupied at all times by substrate or product molecules, it is called
Definition
inhibition
Term
Cyanide is an example of a general type of inhibitor called
Definition
allosteric site
Term
sulfa drugs are an example of a type of inhibitor called
Definition
competitive inhibition
Term
in____ phosphorylation, no oxygen or other inorganic final electron acceptor is required.
Definition
oxidative
Term
the amount of ATP yeild from aerobic respiration by a procaryote is ___ and by and Eucaryote is____
Definition
36, 38
Term
The net yeild of ATP from glycolysis is __
Definition
2 atp
Term
The substance acted upon by an enzyme is called the ___
Definition
substrate
Term
A sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell is called a ____ pathway
Definition
metabolic
Term
____ is the pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to ______ this product can then enter the Krebs cycle.
Definition
Acetyl Co A
Term
DNA and RNA are mad up of repeating units called ____
Definition
nucleotides
Term
Lactic acid is produced as an end product
Definition
fermentation
Term
Two atp molecules are needed to begin the reaction
Definition
glycolysis
Term
34 atp molecules are produced in this reaction
Definition
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Term
Oxygen must be present to produce ate (2answers)
Definition
Krebs cycle(tca cycle) and Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Term
NADH give up electrons to membrane proteins
Definition
anaerobic respiration
Term
There is a net gain of two ATP molecules in this reaction
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
NADH an FADH are produced in this reaction
Definition
Krebs cycle (tca cycle)
Term
General category of reactions that are biosynthetic and endergonic in nature
Definition
anabolism
Term
Glucose is catalyzed to pyruvic acid
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
Molecules of flavin mononucleotice, coenzyme Q and cytochome b are essential for this reaction
Definition
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Term
Final electron acceptors are inorganic salts NO3, no2, co3 not oxygen
Definition
anaerobic respiration
Term
reactions in mitochondria of eucaryotes and in the cell membrane of bacteria
Definition
electron transprot chain and chemiosmosis
Term
Requires Atp synthase to pump h+ ions into cytoplasm
Definition
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Term
Hexokinase enzyme phosporylates glucose to begin this series of reactions
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
Gereral category of reactions that are degradative and exergoinc in nature
Definition
catabolism
Term
oxygens serves as the final electron acceptor
Definition
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
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