Term
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Definition
| Children under 7 cannot commit a capital offense or guilty of a felony, as they're incapable of forming criminal intent |
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Term
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Definition
| Fruits of child labor must be contained to the state in which it was produced |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on merit, achievement, or accomplishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on innate characteristics that describe who you are |
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Term
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Definition
| primary perceived status; what people think on first seeing an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| First child abuse case in the United States. Prosecution used animal cruelty laws to remove her from her abusive home |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the earliest known written laws. Included detailed rules as well as their punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| 1641 Mass. colony law; children could be put to death for being disobedient |
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Term
| Who were the Child Savers? |
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Definition
| Rich philanthropists who believed children were born good then tainted. They wanted to remove problem children from bad homes and put them in rehabilitative environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A doctrine that defines the state as the ultimate guardian of every child |
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Term
| What happened to Mary Anne Crouse? |
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Definition
Her mother committed her to the House of Refuge, which her father fought in court. Early judicial expression of parens patriae
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Term
| Where was the first House of Refuge? |
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Definition
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Term
| When and where was the first juvenile court? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the legal definition of juvenile delinquency? |
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Definition
| Behavior that is a violation of the criminal code and committed by a youth who has not reached adult age. |
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Term
| Who are the 'baby boomers'? |
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Definition
| People born between 1946 and 1964 |
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Term
| What's a 'status offense'? |
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Definition
| An act illegal only for children |
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Term
| Define 'chronic status offender' |
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Definition
| Children who continued to commit status offenses despite repeated interventions by family, school, social service, or law enforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Practice in which a chronic status offender who commits a new status offense while on probation is charged with the criminal offense of violating a formal court order that specified the conditions of that child’s probation |
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Term
| Who were the first researches to study chronic juvenile offenders? |
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Definition
| Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck |
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Term
| Define adolescence limited offender |
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Definition
| the majority of children who commit a few minor acts of delinquency on an inconsistent basis during their teenage years |
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Term
| Define life course persistent offender |
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Definition
| a small group of children who engage in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every stage of life |
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|
Term
| Define UCR, what it measures, how data is collected, and how often |
|
Definition
| Uniform Crime Reports; reported crime; from thousands of law enforcement agencies and given to the FBI; report released annually |
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Term
| What three items are covered by the UCR? |
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Definition
| Crimes known to the police, number of arrests, and persons arrested |
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Term
| What is the NIBRS and what are it’s advantages over the UCR (7 total)? |
|
Definition
| National Incident-Based Reporting System; contains incident and victim level analysis disaggregated to local jurisdictions, full incidence details, permits separation of types of victimizations, contains information of crimes committed against those younger than 12, broader range of offenses reported, yields individual information about offenders |
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Term
| What are some criticisms of the UCR? |
|
Definition
| It only reports crimes known to the police and it does not include juveniles |
|
|
Term
| Define 'incidence' and 'prevalence' |
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Definition
| Incidence: number of acts committed; Prevalence: percentage of people committing criminal acts |
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|
Term
| What is the 'hierarchy rule'? |
|
Definition
| The guideline for reporting data to the UCR, in which police record only the most serious crime incident performed by an individual |
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|
Term
| What is meant by the 'dark figure of crime'? |
|
Definition
| the gap between the actual amount of crime committed and the amount of crime reported to the police |
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|
Term
| What is a 'victimization survey'? |
|
Definition
| A method of producing crime data in which people are asked about their experiences as crime victims |
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Term
| Define and describe the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
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Definition
| An annual, nationwide survey of criminal victimization conducted by the US Bureau of Justice Statistics. |
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Term
| What are five problems with the NCVS? |
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Definition
| People have memory errors, ‘telescoping’: people think events happened more recently than they really did, errors of deception: people lie for various reasons, juvenile victimizations: kids can be uncomfortable telling an adult what happened, and sampling errors |
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|
Term
| What is a 'self report study'? |
|
Definition
| A study that yields an unofficial measure of crime, and in which juveniles are asked about their law-breaking behavior |
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|
Term
| What is the National Youth Survey? |
|
Definition
| A nationwide self-report survey of approximately 1700 people who were between the ages of 11 and 17 taken in 1976 |
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|
Term
| What are some strengths and weaknesses of self report studies? |
|
Definition
| Criminals may not wish to reveal their acts, memory problems, dishonesty, distortion, and the worst criminals rarely participate in the surveys |
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|
Term
| What percentage of arrests made in the US in 2007 were juveniles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is gender related to delinquency? |
|
Definition
| YES. 9 out of 10 crimes committed (excluding prostitution and forcible rape) are committed by males |
|
|
Term
| Is race related to delinquency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define 'racial profiling' |
|
Definition
| A practice in which police use race as an explicit factor to create “profiles” that then guide their decision making |
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|
Term
| Is social class related to delinquency? |
|
Definition
| Yes and no, but official data points to yes |
|
|
Term
| Is age related to delinquency? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Crime rates increase during preadolescence, peak in late adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter |
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|
Term
| What is the 'aging out phenomenon'? |
|
Definition
| the gradual decline of participation in crime after the teenage years |
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|
Term
| Describe the 'age-crime curve' |
|
Definition
| The empirical trend that crime rates increase during preadolescence, preak in late adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter |
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|
Term
| Define 'chronic offender' |
|
Definition
| Youths who continue to engage in law-breaking behavior as adults, They are responsible for the most serious forms of delinquency and violent crime |
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Term
|
Definition
| A personality disorder that results in affective, interpersonal, and behavioral problems, including violent criminal behavior that is committed without conscience |
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|
Term
| What are the four criteria for a good theory? |
|
Definition
| Simplicity, testability, logical consistency, and empirical validity |
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|
Term
| Describe Beccaria's theory and what school to which it belongs |
|
Definition
| People are rational and exercise free will. They commit crimes because they imagine they will receive greater gains from crime rather than conformity. Classical School. |
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Term
| What are a few tenants of Beccaria's theory? |
|
Definition
| Greatest happiness for the greatest number; prevention is more important than punishment; and to be effective, punishment must be certain, severe, and administered swiftly |
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|
Term
| What is Bentham's theory? |
|
Definition
| Utilitarian principles (we weigh our actions before we commit them), punishment must outweigh the crime, and increased punishment for repeat offenders. Believed in Beccaria's theory |
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|
Term
| What are the four purposes for punishment, according to Bentham's theory? |
|
Definition
| It prevents crime, it reduces the seriousness of any crime committed, it ensures minimum use of force by the offender to complete the offense, and it keeps the cost of crime to the lowest possible level |
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|
Term
| What did supporters of the neoclassical school believe? |
|
Definition
| They were sympathetic to the classical school, but also thought some crimes were caused by factors beyond the offender's control |
|
|
Term
| Describe the rational choice theory |
|
Definition
| Delinquents are rational people who make calculated choices about what they are going to do before they act (Clarke and Cornish) |
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|
Term
| What elements need to be in place for crime to occur, according to the Routine Activities theory? |
|
Definition
| Motivated offender, suitable target, and an absence of a guardian |
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|
Term
| What is an 'atavistic being'? |
|
Definition
| A throwback to an earlier, more primitive stage of human development |
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|
Term
| What do thinkers in the Positive School believe? |
|
Definition
| Delinquency is caused by factors that are in place before a crime is committed |
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|
Term
| Name three major thinkers in the Positive School |
|
Definition
| Lombroso, Ferni, and Garafolo (the Italian Three) |
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|
Term
| What is meant by ‘stigmata,’ according to the Positive School? |
|
Definition
| Distinctive physical features that distinguish criminals from ordinary people |
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|
Term
| What were the three body types described by Sheldon and which was most likely to commit crime? |
|
Definition
| Ectomorph, Mesomorph, and Endomorph. Mesomorph is most likely to commit crimes. |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of twins? |
|
Definition
| Monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) |
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|
Term
| Which has a bigger influence on criminality, heredity or environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Freud, what are the three components of a personality? |
|
Definition
| The id, ego, and superego |
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Term
| Describe Sutherland's theory of Differential Association |
|
Definition
| Delinquent behavior is learned from intimate others. Delinquent children learn an excess of definitions favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law |
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|
Term
| What is social bond theory and who wrote it? |
|
Definition
| Hirschi. Children conform because of their bond to society. The weaker the bond, the more likely the child will be delinquent |
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|
Term
| What are the four features of a child’s bond to society? |
|
Definition
| Attachment, belief, commitment, and involvement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An act or omission of an act in violation of the penal code without defense or justification |
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Term
|
Definition
| Normlessness. A breakdown of norms and values in society. It stems from weak laws, rules, and regulations |
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Term
|
Definition
| standards that govern human behavior |
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|
Term
| What are acts mala in se? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are acts mala prohibita? |
|
Definition
| acts that are prohibited by law |
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|
Term
| What are three types of norms? |
|
Definition
| Mores, folkways, and formal laws |
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|
Term
| Who was the first person brought to court in an abuse case and what happened to them? |
|
Definition
| Emily Thompson and she was returned to her abusive home |
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|
Term
| During the 17th and 18th centuries, what did legal codes consider crime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the 19th and 20th centuries, what was the common view of crime? |
|
Definition
| That it was connected to urban poverty |
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|
Term
| Durkheim believed that anytime there is a major shift in society, what happens? |
|
Definition
| Crime rates go up and there are often new crimes created |
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|
Term
| What group is the least privileged of all statuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In England, what age were children indentured to textile mills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Keating-Owen Act? |
|
Definition
| The first piece of child labor legislation in the US. Children 14 and over couldn't work more than 8 hours a day and children under 14 weren't allowed to work |
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|
Term
| What was Roper v. Simmons? |
|
Definition
| A Supreme Court decision that the death penalty for anyone who was younger than 18 at the time of the crime is unconstitutional |
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Term
|
Definition
| 13 year old boy arrested over forty times |
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Term
|
Definition
| A juvenile murder sentenced to 25 years in Folsom Prison |
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Term
|
Definition
| Murderer who robbed a store,held people hostage, and was sentenced to 25 years in Jacksonville, Florida |
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|
Term
| What is the SHO-DI program? |
|
Definition
| The Serious Habitual Offender- Drug Involved program operating in CA (Ventura County), CO (Colorado Springs), and FL (Jacksonville). There is no treatment or rehabilitation emphasis |
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|
Term
| What is the Mill Creek program and where is it based? |
|
Definition
| A program for violent offenders. It has a treatment element which studies show IS working. It's based in Utah and Boston |
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|
Term
| Who created the SHO-DI program? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of children released from institutions will return? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Murderer who shot a store clerk, then his parents 6 months later. Received death penalty from OK |
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Term
|
Definition
| 16 year old who committed assaults and a kidnapping. Involved with Mill Creek |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age 9 held people at gunpoint and committed rape and kidnapping. |
|
|
Term
| What piece of writing formed the foundation for our penal code? |
|
Definition
| Beccaria's On Crime and Punishment |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of boys commit crimes if their adoptive parents have criminal records but their natural parents do not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The correlation of crime is how many times higher in monozygotic twins as compared to dizygotic twins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Richard Hernstein from the documentary Biology and Crime, the average intelligence of criminals is _____ compared to non criminals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those who prospered by grossly wicked practices which may not yet come under the ban of public opinion |
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|
Term
| A criticism of Lombroso was that he ___________. |
|
Definition
| Lacked adequate control groups |
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|
Term
| What do all social control theorist ask? |
|
Definition
| Why do juveniles conform? |
|
|
Term
| According to social control theorists, why do some juveniles refuse to conform? |
|
Definition
| They are either not interested in pleasing their parents, lack parental discipline, and/or aren’t afraid of punishment/consequences |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Those that buy into the system and accept both the goals defined by the culture and the socially defined means to get there |
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|
Term
| Walter Reckless believed in... |
|
Definition
| Strong self-concepts were responsible for deterioration on involvement in criminal activities |
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|
Term
| David Matza argued that... |
|
Definition
| Children are neither committed or compelled to delinquent behavior |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Social Structure theory |
|
Definition
| Varying patterns of criminal behavior exist within the social structure |
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|
Term
| Describe what happened in the House of Prayer. |
|
Definition
| Children were being whipped as a form of punishment. Raised questions of when the government should interfere with child raising. |
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Term
| What are the eight "crimes of interest" in regards to the NCVS? |
|
Definition
| Rape, robbery, assault, larceny (with or without contact), burglary, household larceny, and motor vehicle theft |
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|
Term
| Marvin Wolfgang produced which study, and what was it's significance? |
|
Definition
| The Philadelphia Birth Cohorts; followed every male born in 1945 or who were between 10 and 18 and their police records. |
|
|
Term
| What are determinate and indeterminate sentences? |
|
Definition
| Determinate are set at a fixed amount of time, indeterminate gives a range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Criminals must be punished because of the social harm they have caused |
|
|
Term
| Define 'proactive' and 'reactive' aggression |
|
Definition
Proactive: premeditated
Reactive: impulsive |
|
|
Term
| Define "direct" and "indirect" aggression |
|
Definition
Direct: physical and/or overt
Indirect: Verbal and/or covert |
|
|
Term
| Define Conduct Disorder (CD) |
|
Definition
| A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated |
|
|
Term
| What does cultural deviance theory tell us? |
|
Definition
| Delinquency is a natural result of conditions that exist within certain neighborhoods in cities. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Zonal Hypothesis state? |
|
Definition
| Once a group moves out of the zone of transition, that group's crime rate goes down. |
|
|
Term
| Miller's Focal Concerns were... |
|
Definition
| Autonomy, excitement, fate, smartness, trouble, and toughness |
|
|
Term
| What were the five modes of social adaptation according to Merton? |
|
Definition
| Conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the measurements used in Cohen's Middle-Class Measuring Rod? |
|
Definition
| Ambition, individual responsibility, skills and tangible achievements, hard work and frugality, rationality, manners, control of physical aggression, value of time, and respect for property |
|
|
Term
| Who coined the term, "white collar crime"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Sutherland, crimes vary in which ways? |
|
Definition
| Priority, frequency, duration, and intensity |
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|
Term
| What is the dualistic fallacy and who came up with the term? |
|
Definition
| Tannenbaum; the fallacy is the belief that criminals and non-criminals are two different types of people |
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|
Term
| What is the dramatization of evil and who came up with the term? |
|
Definition
| Tannenbaum; Adults dramatize children's slightly delinquent behavior as evil and labeling them as such |
|
|
Term
| What are the premises of labeling theory? |
|
Definition
-Deviance is not a behavior but how we respond to behavior
-Society creates deviance by creating rules
-Moral entrepreneurs work to have their ideas about deviance enshrined in law
-Laws are differentially enforced based on social status and social distance |
|
|
Term
| What are some effects of labeling? |
|
Definition
| A stigma is applied through degradation ceremonies (like court processes) which results in exclusion and reduced opportunity. Labels act as a person's master status |
|
|
Term
| What is a master status and who came up with the term? |
|
Definition
| Becker; Primary perceived status of an individual. It determines how other people initially react when they see a person |
|
|
Term
| What is secret deviance and who came up with the term? |
|
Definition
| Becker; Everyone commits minor acts of deviance, but only some get caught |
|
|
Term
| Most labeling focuses on what? |
|
Definition
| People being deviant, NOT delinquent |
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|
Term
| What is primary and secondary deviance and who came up with the terms? |
|
Definition
| Lemert; Primary deviance is that which everyone does occasionally, secondary deviance is when a person accepts the role of deviant and incorporates that into their personality |
|
|
Term
| All labeling theories have one concept in common. What is it? |
|
Definition
| "Labeling theory assumes that social control creates deviance when adolescents are negatively labeled." |
|
|
Term
| According to labeling theory, what leads to deviance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Labeling theory suggests that you should... |
|
Definition
| Leave kids to explore minor delinquency and they will find their way back, if you try to force them into behaving they may get stuck off the proper path |
|
|
Term
| What are Shur's four main concepts (including definitions)? |
|
Definition
| Stereotyping (treating offenders according to the least amount of information available), retrospective interpretation (reinterpreting someone's past behavior based on their offense), and negotiation (plea bargaining) |
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|
Term
| According to James Q. Wilson in the documentary "Violence: An American Tradition," who commits most crimes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Richard Brown in the documentary "Violence: An American Tradition," the first cycle of violence was _________ and why? |
|
Definition
| Indians versus whites. The Indians were seen as less than human |
|
|
Term
| In the documentary "Violence: An American Tradition," Cornel West stated that violence against Blacks and Indians was acceptable to whites because... |
|
Definition
| Blacks and Indians were seen as being something less than people |
|
|
Term
| Why did the Old West have 20 times the murder rate than eastern cities according to the documentary "Violence: An American Tradition"? |
|
Definition
| There was an abundance of youth, alcohol, guns, and an attraction to violence |
|
|
Term
| According to the film "Violence: An American Tradition", the media does what to violence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In "Violence: An American Tradition", Alvin Pouissant said that we ____ violence, and that criminals are made into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Violence: An American Tradition" said that the first glamorized killer on TV news was whom? |
|
Definition
| Charles Whitman for his shooting at the University of Texas |
|
|
Term
| According to "Violence: An American Tradition", serial killers commit what percentage of all homicides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the 1900s, what percentage of prisoners were English or Irish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Violence: An American Tradition" holds that homicides rates go down after what? |
|
Definition
| One or two generations of immigrants have occurred |
|
|
Term
| Who was the first woman ever electrocuted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol abuse is linked to what percentage of violent crimes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Alvin Pouissant in the documentary "Violence: An American Tradition", why was violence against slaves used? |
|
Definition
| For discipline and control of behavior |
|
|
Term
| Where was lynching invented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vigilantism is unique to what country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Violence: An American Tradition" stated that blacks suffer a _____ higher homicide rate than any other racial group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Domestic abuse is highest in what country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to an 1864 North Carolina law, any force necessary to punish a woman was acceptable provided... |
|
Definition
| There was no permanent injury |
|
|
Term
| According to Sara Buel in the documentary "Violence: An American Tradition", the number one cause of injury to women in the U.S. is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Violence: An American Tradition" held that women were how many times more likely to be beaten by their husbands rather than strangers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Domestic violence effects what classes and races? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the oldest, most common way violence is passed from one generation to the next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many homicides occur within the family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many homicides are drug related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of violent crime victims are the same race as their attacker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Violence is innate in everyone. |
|
Definition
| False. Violence is learned. |
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|
