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Julie Hewitt
Psychology Notecards
355
Psychology
12th Grade
12/10/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Psychology
Definition

scientific study

behavior

mental processes

Term
Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Definition

Structuralism: introspection

Functionalism: mental and behavioral processes

Term
Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Perspective
Definition

unconcious mind

sex

aggression

childhood

Term
Biological/ Neuroscience Perspective
Definition

heredity

biochemistry (brain)

Term
Eclectic
Definition

biological

psychological

social-cultural

Term
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Definition

employees

work environment

consumers

Term
Wilhelm Wundt
Definition

"Father of Psychology"

first psych lab

Term
Psychologist
Definition
studies behavior and mental processes
Term
Introspection
Definition
self examination
Term
Nature vs. Nurture
Definition
biological vs. environment
Term
Behavioral Perspective
Definition

everything is learned

only observable behavior

reinforcements and punishments

Term

Humanistic Perspective

 

Definition

love and acceptance

growth potential

free will

Term
Cognitive Perspective
Definition

how mind works

mental interpretation

Term
Clinical Psychologist
Definition
studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Term
Forensic Psychologist
Definition
studies criminal behavior
Term
Sports Psychology
Definition
helps athletes do their best
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
can prescribe medicine to patients
Term
Theory
Definition

integrates principles

organizes

predicts behavior or events

Term
Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable
Definition

IV: manipulated factor

DV: factor that changes in response to IV

Term
Population
Definition
all cases
Term
Random
Definition

equal chance

randomly assigned

Term
Control group
Definition
does not receive treatment in experiment
Term
Experimenter bias
Definition
the experimenter's expectations affect the results
Term
Placebo
Definition
expectations alone
Term
Reliability
Definition
produces consistent results under consistent conditions
Term
Mean
Definition
add together and divide
Term
Mode
Definition

occurred most often

 

Term
Correlation coefficient
Definition

statistical measure

relationship between two variables

Term
Survey
Definition

gather information

random sample

Term
Statistical significance
Definition
how likely it occurred by chance
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
testable prediction
Term
Replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a study in different situations
Term
Sample
Definition
people being polled
Term
Experimental group
Definition
receives the treatment
Term
Operational definition
Definition
statement of procedures
Term
Single blind vs. Double blind
Definition

Single blind: participant doesn't know, experimenter does

Double blind: participant and experimenter don't know who gets what

Term
Validity
Definition
tool measures what it claims to measure
Term
Bell curve
Definition
visual distribution from highest to lowest
Term
Median
Definition
middle score
Term
Ethical guidelines
Definition
rules to follow in experiments
Term
Experiment
Definition
manipulating one more more variables to observe the effect
Term
Case study
Definition

one person

in depth

Term
CAT scan
Definition
x-rays look for brain damage
Term
EEG
Definition

records electrical waves

brain activity

Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition

sensory neurons

motor neurons

Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition

controls body's skeletal muscles

not automatic

Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition

calms body

conserves energy

Term

Parietal lobe

 

Definition

touch

spatial relationships

Term

Temporal lobe

 

Definition

sounds

speech

Term
Cerebellum
Definition

balance

coordination

Term
MRI
Definition

magnetic waves

brain damage

Term
Central Nervous System
Definition

brain

spinal cord

Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition

glands

organs

automatic

Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition

arouses body

stressful situations

fight or flight

Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
vision
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition

movement

judgement

thinking

personality

Term
Medulla
Definition

heartbeat

breathing

Term
Thalamus
Definition
relay station
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

hunger

thirst

motivation

sex drive

Term
Hippocampus
Definition
memory
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition

left hemisphere

understanding speech

Term
Broca's area
Definition
speech production
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receives messages from other neurons
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
insulates and speeds up messages
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition

chemicals

carry message across synapse

Term
Dopamine
Definition

attention

movement

Term
Endorphin
Definition
increases good mood
Term
Hormone
Definition
chemicals released to blood stream
Term
Adrenal glands
Definition

secrete hormones

stressful and emotional situations

Term
Limbic system
Definition

neural system

emotions and drives

Term
Plasticity
Definition
brain's ability to modify itself after injury of illness
Term
Amygdala
Definition
emotion
Term
Neuron
Definition
communication
Term
Axon
Definition
long single extension of a neuron
Term
Synapse
Definition
space between two neurons
Term
Reuptake
Definition
leftover neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron
Term
Seratonin
Definition
mood
Term
Endocrine system
Definition
slow chemical communication
Term
Pituitary gland
Definition

master gland

growth

Term
Thyroid gland
Definition
metabolism
Term
Sensation
Definition

detecting physical energy from environment

converting into neural signals

Term
Difference threshold
Definition

minimum difference between two stimuli

required for detection

Term
Perception
Definition
brain interprets signals
Term
Iris
Definition

expands and contracts

changes size of pupil

Term
Lens
Definition
focuses light rays on retina
Term
Rods vs. Cones
Definition

rods: detect black, white, and gray

cones: detect detail and color

both on retina

Term
Bipolar cells
Definition

receive messages from photoreceptors

transmit them to ganglion cells

Term
Ganglion cells
Definition
converge to form optic nerve
Term
Blind spot
Definition
optic nerve leaves eye because there are no receptor cells
Term
Cochlea
Definition
where transduction occurs
Term
Kinesthesia
Definition
body positioning and movement
Term
Bottom-up processing
Definition

take in through senses

go up to brain

Term
4 taste receptors
Definition

sweet

salty

sour

bitter

Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus
Term
Transduction
Definition
transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses
Term
Cornea
Definition

transparent tissue

light enters

Term
Pupil
Definition
small adjustable opening
Term
Retina
Definition
processes sensory information
Term
Optic nerve
Definition
takes message to brain
Term
Pitch
Definition
high or low
Term
Auditory nerve
Definition
takes neural impulse to brain
Term
Olfaction
Definition
smell
Term
Top-down processing
Definition

perception based on previous experiences

starts in brain, goes to senses

Term
Gestalt psychology
Definition
whole person
Term
Consciousness
Definition
awareness of ourselves and environment
Term
Circadian rhythms
Definition

sleep and wakefulness

biological clock

Term
REM sleep
Definition

rapid eye movements

when dreaming occurs

Term
Insomnia
Definition
persistent inability to fall asleep
Term
Sleep apnea
Definition
failure to breathe when asleep
Term
Night terrors
Definition
sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear
Term
Manifest content
Definition
storyline of dreams
Term
Latent content
Definition
symbolic meanings of dreams
Term
Depressants
Definition
slow down central nervous systems
Term
Stimulants
Definition
speed up central nervous system
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition
cause hallucinations
Term
Addiction
Definition
reliance on a drug
Term
Unconscious
Definition
not knowing or perceiving
Term
Tolerance
Definition
drugs' effects are diminished with frequent use
Term
Physical dependence
Definition
need something for your body
Term
NREM sleep
Definition

not dreaming

varying degrees

Term
Learning
Definition
relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
pair up two stimuli that aren't really connected
Term
Stimulus
Definition
something that elicits a response
Term
Unconditioned stimulus
Definition
causes automatic response
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
automatic response
Term
Conditioned stimulus
Definition
taught through association
Term
Conditioned response
Definition
learned response
Term
Neutral
Definition
should cause no response
Term
Extinction
Definition
if US doesn't follow CS, CR will go away
Term
Generalization
Definition
things similar to CS will cause same response
Term
Discrimination
Definition
ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli
Term
Law of effect
Definition
rewarded behavior is likely to occur again
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
voluntary learning through reinforcements and punishment
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition

desirable stimulus

reward behavior

 

Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition

take away something bad

reward behavior

Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition
need to have: food, water, etc.
Term
Secondary reinforcer
Definition
something you want
Term
Punishment
Definition
aversive event that decreases event that it follows
Term
Shaping
Definition

rewards and punishment

guide to certain behavior

Term
Fixed ratio
Definition
reinforces response after specified number of responses
Term
Fixed interal
Definition
after a specified time
Term
Variable ratio
Definition
unpredictable amount of responses
Term
Variable interval
Definition
random amount of time
Term
Latent learning
Definition
learning remains hidden until necessary
Term
Observational learning (modeling)
Definition
behavior learned by observation
Term
Learned helplessness
Definition

bad things keep happening

just give up

Term
Pavlov
Definition

classical conditioning

dog experiment

Term
Bandura
Definition

observational learning

Bobo doll

Term
Skinner
Definition

rats

lever

food

Skinner box

Term
Reinforcement
Definition

strengthens behavior it follows

increases likelihood of repeating

Term
Memory
Definition

persistence of learning over time

storage and retrieval

Term
Encoding
Definition
putting information into memory
Term
Storage
Definition
storing information in memory
Term
Retrieval
Definition
pulling information out
Term
Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
Definition

stages of memory

sensory, short-term, long-term

Term
Rehearsal
Definition
conscious repetition
Term
Sensory memory
Definition

from the senses

short

Term
Short-term memory
Definition
if important and/or actively processed
Term
Long-term memory
Definition

stored forever

infinite capacity

Term
Chunking
Definition

organizing items

familiar, managable unit

Term
Mnemonic device
Definition
memory aid
Term
Semantic memory
Definition

facts

general knowledge

Term
Episodic memory
Definition
personally experience events
Term
Procedural memory
Definition

motor skills

procedures

Term
Schema
Definition
organizes and interprets information
Term
Flashbulb memory
Definition

clear memories

emotional significant moments or events

Term
Recognition
Definition
identify an item amongst other choices
Term
Recall
Definition
retrieve information using effort
Term
Serial position effect
Definition

good memory for first and last items on a list

middle forgotten

Term
Interference
Definition

Proactive: old information interferes with new learning

Retroactive: new learning interferes with old information

Term
Cognition
Definition

knowing

thinking

understanding

remembering

communicating

Term
Creativity
Definition

produce ideas that are novel and valuable

 

Term
Phonemes
Definition
smallest distinctive sounds
Term
Morphemes
Definition
smallest meaningful sounds
Term
Syntax
Definition
word order
Term
Semantics
Definition
meaning of language
Term
Overgeneralization
Definition

apply rules to every part of language

(goes, goed)

Term
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Definition
languages determines the way we think
Term
Misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Term
Effortful processing
Definition
committing information with conscious effort
Term
Automatic processing
Definition

unconsciously

space, time, frequency

Term
Babbling
Definition

spontaneously utter various sounds

4 months old

Term
One word speech
Definition

one word at a time

one year old

Term
Telegraphic speech
Definition

two word sentences

before 2nd year

Term
Loftus and Palmer
Definition
misinformation effect
Term
Grammar
Definition
rules used in language
Term
Freud
Definition

repression

banishes unpleasant things from memory

defense mechanism

Term
Drive reduction theory
Definition
motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis
Term
Need
Definition
physiological state created by imbalance in homeostasis
Term
Drive
Definition

aroused tension state triggered by need

prompted to take action

Term
Incentive theory
Definition
behavior is directed towards obtaining desirable stimuli/avoiding negative stimuli
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition
normal weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition
overeating followed by vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or exessive exercise
Term
Intrinsic motivation
Definition

motivated internally

because you like to do it

Term
Extrinsic motivation
Definition
motivated by incentive
Term
Emotion
Definition
body's adaptive response
Term
James-Lange theory
Definition
physiological activity precedes emotional experience
Term
Cannon-Bard theory
Definition
physiological and emotion happen simultaneously
Term
Schacter-Singer (two factor)
Definition
physiological+cognitive=emotion
Term
Stress
Definition
circumstance that threatens well-being
Term
Type A personality
Definition

competitive

hard-driving

impatient

verbally aggressive

anger prone

Term
Type B personality
Definition

easygoing

relaxed

 

Term
Positive psychology
Definition
study of optimal human functioning
Term
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition

1. physiological needs

2. safety

3. belongingness

4. esteem

5. self actualization

Term
Set point
Definition

hypothalamus alters weight

keeps weight at given point

Term
Excitement
Definition

genitals engorged with blood

vagina becomes lubricated

Term
Plateau
Definition
excitement peaks
Term
Orgasm
Definition

contractions all over body

increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure

sexual release

Term
Resolution (refractory period)
Definition

genitals release blood

women resolve slower

"reload"

Term
Sexual orientation
Definition
person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
keep physiological needs stable
Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
womb to the tomb
Term
Longitudinal study
Definition
same people
over time
Term
Zygote
Definition
fertilized egg
100 cells
Term
Fetus
Definition
9 weeks
human-like
Term
Cross-sectional study
Definition
compare people in different stages
Term
Critical period
Definition
optimal period for development
Term
Embryo
Definition
organs begin to form and function
14 days
Term
Teratogen
Definition
chemicals or viruses
enter placenta
harm fetus
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
mother drinks during pregnancy
causes birth defects
Term
Rooting reflex
Definition
locate food
Term
Moro reflex
Definition
startle
Term
Puberty
Definition
sexual maturation
Term
Primary sex characteristics
Definition
directly connected to reproduction
Term
Secondary sex characteristics
Definition
non reproductive traits
Term
Menarche
Definition
first period
Term
Menopause
Definition
no longer have period
estrogen levels drop
Term
Assimilation
Definition
add new information to current schema
Term
Accommodation
Definition
create a whole new schema
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
birth-2
experience world through senses
Term
Object permanence
Definition
objects still exist when out of sight
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
2-7
use words
imagination
Term
Ego centrism
Definition
only see world through one's own eyes
Term
Concrete operational stage
Definition
7-11
think logically about concrete events
Term
Conservation
Definition
volume, mass, value doesn't change when shape changes
Term
Formal operational stage
Definition
12+
abstract thinking
use symbols and imagined realities
Term
Preconventional (moral development)
Definition
up to age 9
avoid punishment/gain reward
Term
Conventional (moral development)
Definition
early adolescence
rules upheld for own sake
Term
Postconventional (moral development)
Definition
people's agreed upon rights
personally perceived ethical principles
Term
Attachment
Definition
emotional bonds
secure= feel safe and loved
insecure= don't feel safe
Term
Authoritarian parenting style
Definition
parents impose rules and expect obedience
Term
Authoritative parenting style
Definition
parents are demanding but responsive to children
Term
Gender
Definition
characteristics associated with being male or female
Term
Gender roles
Definition
expected behaviors
Term
Androgyny
Definition
show characteristics of both sexes
Term
Maturation
Definition
development occurs in sequence
Term
Imprinting
Definition
first thing seen is associated with being the mother
Term
Personality
Definition
pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
Preconscious
Definition
not deep
just below awareness
Term
Id
Definition
instant gratification
Term
Ego
Definition
mediator
realistic
Term
Superego
Definition
conscience
Term
Defense mechanisms
Definition
ways to handle stressful situations
Term
Repression
Definition
banish worrying thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Term
Regression
Definition
go back to earlier stage
Term
Displacement
Definition
shift impulses to more acceptable object or person
Term
Reaction formation
Definition
act opposite of how you feel
Term
Oral stage
Definition
0-18 months
pleasure centers on mouth
Term
Anal stage
Definition
18-36 months
learning to control bowels
Anal-retentive= obsessed with cleanliness
Anal-expulsive= messy, carefree
Term
Phallic stage
Definition
3-6
pleasure zone in genitals
Term
Latency stage
Definition
dormant sexual feelings
Term
Genital stage
Definition
maturation of sexual interests
Term
Collective unconscious
Definition
shared experiences by a culture/community
Term
Self-actualization
Definition
full potential
Term
Unconditional positive regard
Definition
acceptance of others despite their failures
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
ability to complete tasks and reach goals
Term
Locus of control
Definition
internal= we control our own fate
external= chances or outside forces determine our fate
Term
Surface trait
Definition
trait on the outside
Term
Source trait
Definition
within yourself
Term
Projective personality test
Definition
Rorschach, TAT
reveal one's personality
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
unconscious motives and conflicts
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
boy's desire for mom
Term
Fixation
Definition
being stuck on a phase
Term
Inferiority complex
Definition
feel inferior to someone else
Term
Positive psychology
Definition
celebrate positive aspects
Term
Standardization
Definition
test is same for everyone
Term
Norms
Definition
expected behavior in society
Term
Aptitude tests
Definition
predictor of ability
Term
Achievement tests
Definition
measure what you know
Term
Intelligence
Definition
ability to learn
Term
Stanford-Binet intelligence test
Definition
measures intelligence
intelligence quotient formula
Term
Weschler intelligence test
Definition
measures overall intelligence
Term
Factor analysis
Definition
identifies clusters of related items on a test
Term
Multiple intelligences
Definition
Howard Gardner
8 types
Term
Emotional intelligence
Definition
ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions
Term
Intelligence quotient
Definition
ratio of mental age to chronological age
IQ= mental age/chronological age x 100
Term
Anxiety disorders
Definition
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors
Term
Somatoform disorders
Definition
symptoms appear with no physical cause
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
conscious awareness is separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Term
Mood disorders
Definition
emotional extremes
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
delusions and hallucinations
Term
Personality disorders
Definition
behaviors that impair social functioning
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
sense of impending doom or danger
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
constant worrying or obsession
Term
Phobia
Definition
fear
Term
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Definition
need for exactness and order
Term
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
flashbacks, easily startled
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
believe symptoms are signs of serious illness
Term
Conversion disorder
Definition
experience symptoms without psychological basis
Term
Dissociative identitity disorder
Definition
multiple personalities
Term
Amnesia (dissociative)
Definition
disruptions or breakdowns of memory
Term
Fugue (dissociative)
Definition
wander away
Term
Depression (major depressive disorder)
Definition
significantly depressed mood
Term
Bipolar
Definition
alternates between moods
Term
Disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
disorganized thinking and behavior
inappropriate reactions
Term
Catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
disturbances of movement
repetitive imitations
Term
Paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
function better than other types
delusions
Term
Psychosis
Definition
loss of contact with reality
Term
Delusions
Definition
believing things that aren't true
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
perceptions that seem real
Term
Histrionic
Definition
dramatic
emotional
Term
Narcissistic
Definition
obsessed with yourself
actually insecure
Term
Borderline
Definition
long term patterns of unstable emotions
Term
Antisocial
Definition
way of thinking and relating to others is abnormal
Term
DSM-IV
Definition
describes psychological disorders
Term
Mania
Definition
overexcited
Term
Dopamine hypothesis
Definition
schizophrenia is caused by excessive amounts of dopamine
Term
Diathesis-stress model
Definition
schizophrenia is caused by stress + life experiences
Term
Positive symptoms (schizophrenia)
Definition
hallucinations, delusions, etc.
Term
Negative symptoms (schizophrenia)
Definition
lacking positive attributes
Term

Free association

 

Definition
say whatever comes to mind
Term
Dream interpretation
Definition
meaning of dreams
Term
Transference
Definition
redirection of feelings
Term
Catharsis
Definition
letting out hidden feelings/memories
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition

step by step exposure

 

Term
Flooding
Definition
total exposure to fear
Term
Aversion therapy/ aversive conditoning
Definition
pair something bad with behavior
Term
Client-centered therapy
Definition
talk to therapist freely
Term
Rational-emotive therapy
Definition
challenge irrational thoughts
Term
Lithium
Definition
drugs that treats bipolar disorder
Term

ECT

 

Definition
electro compulsive therapy (depression)
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
drill into head
Term
Prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
cut into forehead
Term
Social psychology
Definition
how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Term
Social loafing
Definition
exert less effort in a group
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
loss of self-awareness (mob mentality)
Term
Social facilitation
Definition
perform better when others are watching
Term
Group polarization
Definition
attitudes get stronger when around people with same attitude
Term
Bystander effect
Definition
bystanders are less likely to help if others are present
Term
Altruism
Definition
unselfish regard for others
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
blame person more than situation
Term
Self-serving bias
Definition

take credit for good

blame others for bad

Term
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Term
Stereotype
Definition
belief based on few examples
Term
Prejudice
Definition
attitude towards a group
Term
Discrimination
Definition
unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group
Term
Scapegoat theory
Definition
blame innocent people for problems
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
your own culture is superior
Term
Just-world phenomenon
Definition

karma

people get what they deserve

Term
Conformity
Definition
adjusting behavior to a group standard
Term
Foot-in-door phenomenon
Definition
agree to small requests then larger requests
Term
Mere exposure effect
Definition
repeated exposure increases attraction
Term
Aggression
Definition
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Term
Obedience
Definition
comply to authority
Term
Proximity
Definition
geographic nearness increases attraction
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