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◦Distillation of a heterogeneous (immiscible) mixture of an organic compound and water |
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___ liquid mixtures usually boil @ a temperature between the BPs of their components |
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The # of moles of each component in the vapor is determined by its |
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Heterogeneous liquid mixtures usually boil @ a temperature ___ the BP of either component |
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The # of moles of each component in the vapor will be proportional to its |
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Because the BP of the het. mixture is below 100 °C, decomposition of the organic component is |
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| steam distillation apparatus |
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| Use final mass of clove oil to calculate % recovery |
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◦Analysis of a sample using UV and visible radiation |
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◦Separates compounds in a mixture using differences in solubility between two phases |
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◦By changing the mobile phase (eluent), different ___can be isolated at different times |
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| column chromatography apparatus |
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trans-lycopene
beta-carotene
cryptoxanthin |
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◦Induces electronic transitions from a ground state to one or more excited states
◦Usually involve conjugated π bonds |
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}UV-Vis Spectrophotometer: |
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◦Organic compounds w/substituted halogens
◦Precursors to other organic functional groups
◦Undergo SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on structural differences |
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| reactions of alkyl halides |
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*can cause thermal burns
*make sure all steam hoses r tightly connected & turn off the steam b4 u withdraw the steam inlet tube from the apparatus |
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*harmful if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed thru the skin
*prolonged inhalation of dichloromethane may cause cancer
*minimize contact w/ the liquid &dnt breathe its vapors |
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*irritates the skin, eyes,&respiratory tract
*avoid contact &dnt breathe its vapors |
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*very flammable
*their vapors can irritate the eyes&upper respiratory tract
*keep petroleum ether&the pet.ether acetone mixture away from flames&hot surfaces
*dnt breathe vapors |
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*flammable
*keep away from flames&hot surfaces |
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*toxic w/ harmful vapors
*sum r suspected carcinogens
*avoid contact
*dnt breathe vapors |
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*toxic
*causes skin irritation &stains skin black
*avoid contact w/ the silver nitrate reagent |
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