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Jazz Final
Ethnomus
53
Music
Undergraduate 2
12/02/2010

Additional Music Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Major Changes

 

Definition

·       Big band preferred ensemble

·       Saxophones more common; surpassed clarinet

·       Upright bass (stand-up bass)

o   Acoustic bass

o   Which is not dependent on breath to play

o   Emergence of walking bass

·       More high-hat in drums

·       Overall a smoother rhythmic feel

o   Made swing more attractive to dancers than pervious jazz period

Now incorporating arrangements into performances

 

 

 

Term
Sections
Definition

Four of each instrument in section:

  • Trumpet Section
  • Trombone Section
  • Saxophone Section

Rhythm Section (Upright Bass, Guitar, Percussion)

Term
Roles of Players
Definition
• Lead trumpet playe: Generally plays the highest notes; Stylistic leader. Others need to match their phrasing with lead trumpet player
• Lead trombone player
• Lead saxophone player: Usually almost always the alto saxophone
• Lead brass player: Soloist – usually 2nd trumpet/trombone
o Third players: They were good musicians that could play in the section, match the style of the lead playero 3rd and 4th trombones – section players, nothing really distinctive
Term
Noteworthy Arrangers
Definition
o Fletcher Henderson
o Duke Ellington
o Billy Strayhorn
o Sy Oliver
o Mary Lou Williams
Term

Instrument Style

 

Definition

Rhythm Guitar – dominant style

o Strums percussively 

Piano played syncopated chords

o Less busy than early jazz

o No stride piano in big bands

Bass

o Later, played all four beats

o Bass primarily a background   instrument, not solo

Drums

o Main purpose of the drums was to keep a steady beat for the dancers

Term
Freddie Green
Definition
Rhythm Guitar Player
Term
Gene Krupa
Definition
Drummer in Benny Goodman's Band
Term
Fletcher Henderson
Definition
Band conductor, arranger, composer, pianist
Term
Jimmie Lunceford
Definition
Saxaphonist, band leader; didn't pay sidemen; costumes
Term
William "Count" Basie
Definition
Pianist, Band Leader
Term
Benny Goodman
Definition
Clarinetist; Commercially successful in swing era
Term
Glenn Miller
Definition

Trombonist, but usually conductor; Put clarinet at the top of chord “Glen Miller sound” but did not invent it

 

 

 

Term
Jimmy Dorsey
Definition
Saxophonist
Term
Tommy Dorsey
Definition
Trombonist
Term
Woody Herman
Definition
Clarinetist
Term
Andy Kirk
Definition
Conductor; Larger than normal big band
Term
Artie Shaw
Definition
King of the Clarinet; Clarinetist; Rival of Benny Goodman
Term
Harry James
Definition
Trumpetist
Term
Cab Calloway
Definition
Conductor and Vocalist
Term
Lionel Hampton
Definition
Jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist; part of Benny Goodman's sextest
Term
Trombonists and what they introduced
Definition

 

· Jack Teagarden:  Playing evolved to consist with the music of the swing era

·Tommy Dorsey: Band leader and featured soloist in band and Made trombone a melody carrying instrumet (Previously, trombones just filled in the gaps)

· Lawrence Brown: Lead trombonist/soloist in Ellington’s band

· Bill Harris: Woody Harrison Band

 

Term
Roy Eldrige
Definition

Trumpet

o   “Little Jazz”

o   Link between swing and modern jazz

o   Most notable swing era trumpet player

o   Powerful high register

o   A lot of agility and control

o   Ability to vary his tone and vibrato

 

Term
Art Tatum
Definition


o  
Great improviser

o   Most influential piano players, dazzling

o   Amazing technique

o   Incorporating spontaneous reharmonization

§  To change something

o   He could this on the spot

o   Best for consistency of performance

o   Black

o   Did not play in nice concert halls

o   Blind!!!

o   Pre-performance ritual

§  Play key by key

§  In that time, he memorized all the keys that were not right and avoided them all night

o   “Elegie”

 

Term
Pianists
Definition

 

  • Teddy Wilson: Lighter touch; Goodman's sextest
  • Nat King Cole: in his trio (bass, guitar, piano), he had a softer sound because no drums. HORN-LIKE PLAYING
  • Erroll Gardner: considered as swing/bebiop player; best known for jazz standard "misty"
  • Mary Lou Williams: boogie-woogie piano, modern styles (hard bop, avant garde)
  • Milt Buckner: created block chording: left played chord everything right did --> made melody thicker 

 

Term
Saxophone
Definition

  • Cole Hawkins: "Chugging Sound", Big robust sound
  • Don Byas: Greater harmonic sophistication, liked double time, reharmonization: give a boost to creativity
  • Benny Cater: graceful, light style
  • "Prez" Lester Young: Held sax sideways, light/airy/floating sound

Term
Guitarists
Definition

  • Charlie Christian: pioneer of electric (amplified) guitar; long swinging, single note melodic line --> allowed for improv; altered role of guitar
  • Django Reinhardt: acoustic guitar; "hot club" type music, incorporates guitar, violine, accordion, acoustic guitar, reduced drums; played guitar with 2 fingers

Term
Vocalists
Definition

  • Bille Holiday: conveyed emotion unlike other vocalists; embellished melodies; iunique interpreations; sang with delayed phrases and cadences (laying back); sang with Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman
  • Ella Fitzgerald: horn feel / swing feel; allows for improvisation
  • Nat King Cole: commercial success; studio orchestra
  • Frank Sinatra: Tommy Dorsey started his career 

Term
Paul Whiteman andHis Orchestra
Definition

·       Bucked the trend

·       Big orchestra

·       1920s, Paul Whiteman gave him the nickname “King of Jazz”

·         Sidemen: Bix Beiderbecke, Frankie Trumbaeur, Jack Teagarden, Bing Crosby

 

Term
Stan Kenton
Definition
Pianist; performed to feature sidemen rather than his piano playing
Term
Benny Moten
Definition
Pianist, band leader; based in Kansas City, riff based songs,
Term
Count Basie Orchestra
Definition

·       Pianist, composer, arranger, band leader

·       Original stride piano style player

·       Led band for about 60 years

·       Impeccable swing feel

·       Relentless tempo and laying back

·       All-american Rhythms Election

·       Freddie Green – rhythm guitar (“Father Time”)

·       Walter Page – bass

·       Jo Jones – drummer, loose feel (Comfy, not stiff)

·       Lighter use of bass drum, not 4 on floor

·      High hat, wire brushes

·       Tenor sax – Lester young

 

Term
Count Basie Arrangers
Definition

  1. Neil Hefti: Part of Old Testament; Lil Darlin
  2. Benny Cater: swing era alto sax player: wrote 1 album entirely: "kansas City Suite"
  3. Frank Foster: most do do with changing Basie sound (Old --> new; complex harmony); biggest contributor to Basie Book
  4. Wild Bill Davis: played in Basie Band as tenor sax soloist
  5. Thad Jones: stretched harmony
  6. Quincy Jones: incorporated Sinatra in 1960s
  7. Billy Byers
  8. Ernie Wilkins: Spans both old testament arrangement and new testament
  9. Sammy Nestico: more published jazz writers

Term
Count Basie Vocalists
Definition

o Jimmy Rushing: Part of Old Testament Band; Blues shower – powerful voice; Nickname Mr. Five by Five (fat and short); Very powerful voice; Sang in front of orchestra without microphone

oJoe Williams: Blues vocal tradition but had a different approach than Jimmy Rushing; Had a rich, velvety sounding voice; Perfect diction

Term
Duke Ellington
Definition

• Most prolific American composer

• 200 Piano compositions

• As a band leader: Duke Ellington in choosing his sidemen always chose virtuoso musicians

o Different with Ellington in that he chose musicians with distinctive musical styles and personalities

o Most unique personalities

o Used it to foster his own creativity

o Took different personalities and posed it to himself a challenged to write for all of them to blend and for an interesting composition

• Band is the most interesting of the swing bands

oNot most commercially successful though

o Different level of complexity

Term
Jimmie Blanton
Definition

Part of Duke Ellington Band

o Significant because first bass player to play solo on the bass

o Blanton-Webster Era when two musicians were in the Ellington band

• Considered to be the best of the Ellington band

Term
Coleman Hawkins
Definition
Saxophonists that transformed it to become seductive, big and full
Term
Lester Young as opposed to Coleman Hawkins
Definition
Saxophonist; opposite of Coleman Hawkins (gorgeous sound), light airy sound
Term
Joe Jones
Definition
Drummer; high hat!; unprecedented energy
Term
Duke Ellington's Piano Playing
Definition

  • Orchestral type playing
  • Played from high to low (extreme)
  • Unusual (dissonant chords)

Term
Forms
Definition

  • Portraits: describe person/place
  • Tone Poems: European classical
  • Suites: aka extended works, multiple movements
  • Stage Shows: sometimes on TV like with Strayhorn
  • Film Scores (also with strayhorn)

Term
Duke Ellington's Clarinet Section
Definition

Barney Bigard 

Jimmy Hamilton

Term
Ellington's Trumpet Section
Definition

 

  • Bubber Miley: plunger mute (growling)
  • Cootie Williams: plunger
  • Ray Nance
  • Shorty Baker
  • Rev Stewart
  • Cat Anderson: lead, high notes

 

Term
Johnny Hodges
Definition
Sax player; incorporated pitch inflections; in Duke Ellington's band; most famous saxophonist
Term
Count Basie's All American Rhythm Section
Definition

Walter Page, bass; Jo Jones, drums; and Freddie Green, guitar

 

Term

Duke Ellington's Classic Saxophone Section

Definition

 

  • Legendary one was:
  • Johnny Hodges: lead alto
  • Russell Procope: alto (+Clarinet)
  • Jimmy Hamilton: tenor (+clarinet)
  • Paul Gonzalves: tenor
  • Harry Carney: Baritone (and bass)

 

Term
Duke Ellington's Trombone Section
Definition

  • Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton: plunger
  • Juan Tizol
  • Lawrence Brown: lead soloist
  • Britt Woodmen

Term
Fred Guy
Definition
Guitarist in Duke Ellington's Band
Term
Jimmy Blanton
Definition
Bassist; Part of Blanton-Webster Era of Ellington's Band; First to improvise on upright bass
Term
Ellington's Drum Section
Definition
Sunny Greer, Sam Woodyard, Luis Belson
Term
Lawrence Brown
Definition
Lead trombonist/soloist in Duke Ellington's band
Term
Drums in Swing Era
Definition

  • Drums start to get used; snare drum (European, once used for cadence), bass pedal, "contraption" --> trap set (drum set)

Term
Baby Dodds
Definition
Drummer: shimmy beat, bass on every beat; 4 on the floor
Term
Chick Webb
Definition

  • Drummer; bass on every beat; more modern snare; aggressive

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