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IUPAC nomenclature and Conformations of Alkanes
These cards include important IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols. They also include terms related to the conformational isomers of alkanes.
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Organic Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
01/15/2013

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Term
Branched Chain
Definition
A chain of carbons where at least one carbon within the chain is bonded to more than two other carbon atoms. Can contain primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary carbons.
Term
Constitutional Isomer
Definition
Isomers whose atoms are connected in a different order.
Term
Isomers
Definition
Different molecules that have the same molecular formula.
Term
IUPAC Nomenclature
Definition
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; A system of chemical naming that is systematic and substitutive. Names have four features: locants, prefixes, parent compound, suffix
Term
IUPAC naming rule #1 for Alkanes
Definition
Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. This chain determines the Parent name of the alkane.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #2 for Alkanes
Definition
Number the longest chain (parent chain) from the end closest to a substituent group.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #3 for Alkanes
Definition
Use the numbers on the parent chain to designate the location of a substituent group. The number will precede the substituent group. Numbers are separated from words using a hyphen.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #4 for Alkanes
Definition
When two or more substituents are present, give each substituent a number corresponding to its location on the parent chain. Substituents should be listed alphabetically; disregarding multiplier prefixes (di, tri, etc.)
Term
IUPAC naming rule #5 for Alkanes
Definition
When two substituents are present on the same carbon atom, use the location number twice (once for each substituent).
Term
IUPAC naming rule #6 for Alkanes
Definition
When two or more substituents are identical, indicate this by using a multiplier prefix di, tri, tetra, etc. Use commas to separate numbers from each other.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #7 for Alkanes
Definition
When two chains of equal length compete with each other as the parent chain, choose the chain with the higher number of substituents.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #8 for Alkanes
Definition
When branching occurs at an equal distance from either end of the parent chain, choose the name that gives the lower number to the first point of difference. Basically, ignore the closest substituent and number the parent chain from that end that gives the next closest substituent the lowest number possible.
Term
Substituent
Definition
A group on a molecule that has replaced a hydrogen from an unbranched alkane. Methyl, Ethyl, etc. are all examples.
Term
Unbranched Chain
Definition
"straight chain"; Each carbon within a carbon chain is bonded to no more than two other carbon atoms. Contain only primary and secondary carbon atoms.
Term
Locant
Definition
Numeric location of a substituent on a parent chain
Term
Parent Chain
Definition
Longest continuous carbon chain of a compound or bonded to a functional group.
Term
Naming Suffix
Definition
Appears at the end of a parent name of a compound. Designates the highest priority class of compound present on or within the parent chain. Generally the parent chain is numbered from the end closest to the group identified.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #1 for Alcohols
Definition
Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms bonded directly to the hydroxyl group (OH). Replace the -e at the end of the alkane name with -ol.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #2 for Alcohols
Definition
Number the parent chain from the end closest to the hydroxyl group. Indicate the position of the hydroxyl group as its locant.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #1 for Alkenes
Definition
Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes both carbons of the double bond. Replace the -ane at the end of the alkane name with -ene.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #2 for Alkenes
Definition
Number the parent chain so as to include both carbons of the double bond and begin numbering from the end closest to the carbon-carbon double bond. The carbons of the double bond should always have consecutive numbers. Indicate the lower position number of the double bond as its locant.
Term
IUPAC naming rule for substituted cycloalkenes
Definition
Number sustituted cycloalkenes in such a way as to give the carbons of the double bond positions 1 and 2, but also in the direction that gives the substituent the lowest position number possible.
Term
IUPAC naming rule #1 for Alkynes
Definition
Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes both carbons of the triple bond. Replace the -ane at the end of the alkane name with -yne.
Term
Terminal Alkyne
Definition
Monosubstituted alkyne, where one carbon of the triple bond is bonded to a hydrogen.
Term
Internal Alkyne
Definition
Disubstituted alkyne, where neither carbon of the triple bond is bonded to a hydrogen.
Term
Newman Projection
Definition
A means of representing the spatial arrangements of groups attached to two atoms of a molecule due to sigma bond rotation.
Term
Conformational Stereoisomers
Definition
Stereoisomers differing in space only due to the rotations about sigma bonds.
Term
Dihedral Angle
Definition
The angle between two atoms (or groups) bonded to adjacent atoms, when viewed as a projection down the bond between the adjacent atoms.
Term
Torsional Strain
Definition
The strain associated with an eclipsed conformation of a molecule; caused by the repulsion of aligned electron pairs in eclipsed bonds
Term
Steric Hindrance
Definition
An effect on reaction rates or molecule stability caused when the spatial arrangement of groups causes repulsion.
Term
Sterioisomers
Definition
Compounds with the same molecular formula that differ only in the arrangements of their atoms in space.
Term
Angle Strain
Definition
Instability of a molecule as the result of deviation from ideal bond angles caused by structural constrains (ring size)
Term
Ring Strain
Definition
The difference in stability between an acyclic compound and a cyclic compound. Results from both angle strain and torsional strain.
Term
Conformation
Definition
A particular temporary orientation of a molecule that results from the rotations about its single bonds.
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