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Italy
Art History
116
Art History
Undergraduate 2
05/07/2011

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Tarquinia
Definition

Entirely subterranean tombs built into the hills. Known for tomb paintings and had frescos, but they weren’t very well-executed.

 

Fresco subjects had mythology, like Achilles killing Troylus prince of Troy. Also had horror vacuii.

Term
 Cerveteri 
Definition
Large above ground tombs, with multiple rooms. Were made to mimic houses, so the dead would have a place to reside in the afterlife.
Term

 

Necropolis

 

Definition
City of the dead
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Tumuli, 7th-2nd Century

 

Etruscan

 

 

Term

 

[image]

Definition

 

Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerverteri, 3rd century BC

 

Etruscan

 

Term

  Charun (Charu)

Definition
“Fairy-man”; transported people across the river Styx. His job was to kill people if they weren’t dying fast enough. Protects people on their way to Hades. Elements of him were changed a lot from Greek mythology (snake legs).
Term
Cerberus
Definition
Three-headed dog that guards the gates of Hades.
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Fibula, Regolini-Galassi Tomb

 

650 BC

 

Etruscan

 

Larthia's tomb, which was filled with gold. A fibula was an ancient safety pin.

Term
Fibula
Definition

Ancient safety pin

Term
 Repoussé
Definition
Technique, hammering gold onto engraved mold.
Term
Filigree
Definition
Fine gold wires, soldered onto background
Term
Granulation
Definition
Little gold balls, either soldered on or applied with a chemical
Term
Horror Vacuii
Definition
‘Fear of Empty Space’; artistic technique of not leaving any open spaces; fill every empty space with something, even if it seems unrelated
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia

 

480 BC

 

Etruscan

 

-Two main themes of paintings: Joy of Life and mythology

Term
Joie de vivre
Definition
‘Joy of Life’ scenes; genre of scenes about daily life and things the Etruscans enjoyed
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing

 

530 BC

 

Etruscan

 

-Joie de vivre scene

 

-Etruscans liked nature, but didn't represent it realistically

 

Term
Naturalism Vs. Realism
Definition

 

Etruscans liked nature, but didn’t represent it very realistically

 

Term
Greek Art and Etruscan Art
Definition
Greek art was very minimalist, while Etruscans filled every space with something (horror vacuii)
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Temple of Apollo at Veii


6th Century BC


Etruscan


-Had frontal columns and stairs, an open pediment, overhanging eaves to keep water from the mud walls, and triple cella for different Gods

 

-Tuscan columns were essentially doric columns with bases                                       


 -Wattle and Daub

 

-Terracotta roof

 

Term
Vitruvius
Definition
Wrote a guide book for other architects on how to build almost all types of buildings (Greek, Roman and Etruscan temples)
Term
Wattle and Daub
Definition
Mud walls
Term
Terracotta Roofs
Definition
Waterproof
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Apollo terracotta acroterion


500 BC

 

Etruscan - Archaic


-Hollow, no marble.

 

-Not as much nudity in Etruscan art as Greek. They used hard lines to show muscle and clothing.

Term
Acroterion
Definition

 

Sculpture on roof of a temple

 

 

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Man and Woman Sarcophagus, Cerveteri

 

520 BC

 

Etruscan - Archaic

 

-Woman is pouring wine into the man's cup while the man hold an egg in his other hand.

 

-Woman is dressed in Turkish style.

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Chimera of Arezzo

 

4th Century BC

 

Etruscan-Archaic

 

-Goat, lion, snake head

Term
Orating
Definition
Speaking with one hand in the air.
Term

 

[image]

Definition

L'Orator, from Cortona

 

1st Century BC

 

Etruscan-Hellenistic

 

-Etruscan man, Roman Senator (Roman hair and clothing)

Term
What marked the end of the Hellenistic period?
Definition
The death of Cleopatra.
Term
What happened to the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire?
Definition
It became the Byzantine Empire.
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Temple of Portunas, Forum Boarium

 

Late 2nd Century BC

 

Roman Republic

 

-Etruscan temple; is frontally oriented, with stairs in the front and engaged columns

 

-Etruscan temple were largely made of concrete. Because of that, they didn't need large eaves to prevent water from the sides, like Greek mud temples would.

 

-Had travertine veneers to save money

 

Term
Engaged columns
Definition
Half columns built into the wall of the temple. They didn’t serve any architectural purpose, they were purely aesthetic. 
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigena, Palestrina

 

Late 2nd Century BC

 

Roman Republic

 

Architect - Solon?

 

-7 level temple

 

-You had to navigate through it as the architect intended

 

-Temple of the “First-Born Child”

 

Term
Three main characteristics of Roman architecture:
Definition
Arches, vaults, and concrete
Term
Vault
Definition
Rounded ceiling
Term
Barrel Vault
Definition
One long vault
Term
Groin vault
Definition
Two barrel vaults, intersecting
Term
Travertine
Definition
Used as a veneer over concrete to make it look like marble
Term
Veneer
Definition
Thin, marble or travertine layer over the concrete
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Head of an Old Man

 

Mid 1st Century BC

 

Roman Republic

 

-Veristic. Roman portraiture portrayed the subjects as old men and even exaggerated them to appear older at times. Politcally, Rome was senatorial, so the political leaders would have been older, so they were portrayed that way to make it seem like they had experience and were wise.

Term
Veristic Portraiture
Definition
Ultra-realistic portraiture; exaggerating all the flaws
Term
Julius Caesar
Definition

-Julius Caesar was never an emperor, his adopted son Octavian was, though.

 

-Died in 44BC

 

-Conquered Gaul, which is modern France

Term
Battle of Actium
Definition
Naval battle in 31 BC between Augustus (Octavian), Mark Antony, and Cleopatra. Augustus defeated Mark Antony, who was cheating on Augustus's sister with Cleopatra.
Term
Agrippa
Definition
Octavian’s commander for the navy that Augustus hired to defeat Mark Antony.
Term

 

[image]

[image]

Definition

Augustus of Prima Porta

 

AD 14

 

Roman Empire

 

-Statue of Augustus giving a speech

 

          -Wears the outfit of a Roman general; breastplate has propaganda for renewed fertility; and Apollo, as Augustus likened himself to Apollo

 

          -Cupid and the dolphin are both symbols of Venus; ways of showing that Venus supported him as ruler

 

          -Idealized, as opposed to the portraiture of the Republic

Term
Augustan Propaganda
Definition

Promoting the peace that came after the civil war when Augustus became the emperor of Rome

 

Augustus also led propaganda to promote women to have children, since they had stopped having children as much after becoming more active in the political arena

Term
Polykleitos and the Doryphoros
Definition
Spear-bearer; was made to be an instructional tool as the perfect male form
Term
Livia
Definition

Wife of Augustus; had a copy of the Prima Porta made for herself

 

Term

 

 

[image]

 

[image]

Definition

Ara Pacis Augustae

 

13 BC

 

Roman Empire

 

 

-“Altar of Augustan Peace”


 -Four major images on it:

 

  -Two stories about the foundation of Rome (Romulus and Remus)

 

   -Story of Julius and Anais

 

 -Personification of Roma, sitting on her weapons, representing peace

 

     -Mother Earth, holding twins, surrounded by food and animals; fertility

 

Term
Personification
Definition
Taking a concept or object  and turning it into an anthropomorphic figure or a god
Term
Tellus
Definition
Personification of Earth
Term
Aqueducts
Definition

-Must have at least a 2% downgrade to work

 

-Middle and upper class had indoor plumbing which came from lead pipes which connected to the cistern

 

-Crazy emperors like Nero and Caligula may have had lead poisoning

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France

 

16 BC

 

Roman Empire

 

-Aqueduct over Gard river

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Domus Aurea (Nero's Golden House)

 

64 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

Architects: Severus and Celer

 

-“Golden House’; inside was gilded; Villa Nero built after Rome burned

 

          -Covered the entire Palatine hill in downtown Rome, went down a valley, and up another hill

 

 -Octagonal dining room in the middle had an oculus, which influenced the Pantheon

 

          -Emperor that succeeded Nero buried the villa and built on top of it

 

         

 

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Portrait of Vespasian

 

75 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

 

-More veristic than the portraits of Augustus, but not as extreme as the portraits of the Roman senators


          -Vespasian removed all but one wing of Nero’s palace and returned it to the people of Rome.

 

 

 

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Colosseum

 

70 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

-Vespasian built the Colosseum on the man-made lake Nero had built for his palace; piping and drains were still there

 

          -Called the Colosseum because of a colossal statue of Nero that once stood next to it

 

          -Colosseum isn’t its formal name, Flavian Amphitheater is

 

          -Was constructed by four architects, though one of them didn’t come out where he was supposed to

 

          -Games were typically free or very cheap as they were often put on by Senators to get votes

 

          -Is primarily constructed of concrete and wood, with some travertine veneering

 

          -Outside had Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian engaged pilasters, in that order from bottom to top. It went from the most masculine column on the bottom to the most feminine on the top to make it appear that the bottom could support the top

Term
Gladitorial Games
Definition

-Gladiators could be men or women; people that they really wanted to die were tied up to posts and animals were let loose on them

 

-Had cages for prisoners and animals under the arena. Animals were elevated with a lift into the arena; they often built caves for them to come out of, to make it more theatrical

 

          -Gladiators had a practice arena across the street, with an underground tunnel to the Colosseum when it was their time to fight

           

 

Term
Arena
Definition
Latin for ‘sand’; floor of the arena was covered with wood and then sand
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Arch of Titus

 

81 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

 

-Triumphal arch built by Titus’s brother and successor, Domitian, to commemorate Titus’s victory over the Jewish people and destruction of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem

 

          -Shows Triumphal procession that was given to Titus after his victory over the Jewish people with all of the prisoners and valuable objects he had stolen

 

-Has variations in relief to show movement

 

Term
Palasters
Definition
Square columns
Term
Judah and Solomon's Temple
Definition
Was destroyed by Titus in 76 AD to discourage the Jewish people from revolting again
Term
Variation in Relief
Definition
Artists used variations in the depth of the relief in the Arch of Titus; either side is very low and the middle is much higher; was used to show movement
Term
What year was Pompeii destroyed in and how?
Definition
Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD and destroyed it.
Term
Bodies of Pompeii
Definition
Natural ash molds created by the volcanic eruption. Archaeologists filled them with plaster to show the inner forms
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Floor plan of a typical Roman house

 

Late Republic-Early Empire

 

 

Term
Fauces
Definition
Entrance of the Roman house; foyer
Term
Atrium
Definition
Open to the sky; with large pool and fountain in the floor and a cistern below
Term
Tablinium
Definition
Living room/study room of the Roman House
Term
Triclinium
Definition
Dining room of the Roman House; ‘tri’ for the three couches inside
Term
Peristyle
Definition
Colonnaded garden in the middle of the Roman House
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii

 

1st Century AD

 

Roman Empire

Term
What are the characteristics of the first style of Roman wall painting?
Definition

Painted with true fresco made to look like masonry stones. They made it appear like all different types of stone from all over the Roman empire

Term

 

[image]

Definition

The Samnite House, Herculaneaum, Italy

 

Late 2nd Century BC

 

Roman Empire

 

-Shows first style of Roman Wall Painting 

Term
What are the characteristics of the second style of Roman wall painting?
Definition

More illustrative. It has garden views, city views, and can be narrative. It breaks the feel of the wall.

  

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii

 

50 BC

 

Roman Empire

 

-In the second style of Roman Wall painting

 

-Shows initiation of the Lady of the house into the mystery cult of Dionysus


      -If you were initiated into a Mystery cult, you were forbidden from speaking to anyone who hadn't been initiated into it

Term
What are the characteristics of the third style of Roman wall painting?
Definition

-Makes the wall appear very flat; has large panels with tiny images in the center

 

          -Has “unbuildable” architecture; has tiny, thin columns that couldn’t actually support anything

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Villa of Agrippa Postumus

 

11 BC

 

Roman Empire

 

Third style of Roman wall painting 

Term

What are the characteristics of the fourth style of Roman wall painting?

 

Definition
-Mixture of the first three styles; is very decorative
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Ixion Room of the House of the Vettii

 

70 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

-Example of the fourth style of Roman wall painting

 

-Uses the faux masonry blocks of the first style on the bottom along the floor

 

          -Has large, monochrome panels with images in the center, but the images are much larger

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Cone Mosaic, Uruk

 

3000 BC

 

Sumerian

 

-Sumerians used cones, with the pointed end facing the wall

Term
Cone Mosaic
Definition
Cone-shaped pieces, inserted into mortar with the pointed end facing the wall. Used by the Sumerians.
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Gnosis, Stag Hunt

 

Macedonian

 

300 BC

 

-Pebble mosaic

Term
Pebble Mosaic
Definition
-Used natural pebbles taken from the earth; used mainly earth tones
Term
Emblema
Definition
Center of a mosaic, made in a workshop and then put in place
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Alexander Mosaic

 

1st Century BC

 

Roman Empire

 

-Uses Tessera, mosaic made with tiny stones

 


Term
Tessera(e)
Definition
Mosaic made up of tiny cut stones
Term

 

[image]

Definition
Roman Forum
Term
Imperial Fora
Definition

Civic centers added on as needed

 

Term
Trajan
Definition

98-117 AD

 

-Highly respected son of Nerva and a military leader.

 

-First emperor to be born outside of Rome, was born in Spain.

 

-Conquered the area of Transylvania; brought Rome to its largest extent

 

-Created public school system and increased the welfare system

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Forum of Trajan, Rome

 

100 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus 

 

 

-Largest forum in Rome

-Apollodorus was Trajan's military engineer and later became his architect

       

 

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Basilica Ulpia

 

 

          -When Trajan conquered Transylvania, he acquired a lot of money and brought it back to Rome and began building the Basilica Ulpia

 

-The Basilica cuts across the forum and has two apses (rounded end) with a statue of the emperor in either end. Court preceding took place in the apses. Had two libraries behind it, one Greek and one Roman, and a large column in between them telling of Trajan’s victory in Transylvania. Influenced Christian churches (basilicas).

 

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Trajan's Column

 

112 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

-Giant column behind the basilica with a continuous narrative running up it recording the wars of Dacia (Transylvania)

Term
Testudo
Definition
A group of warriors using their shields as a living tank
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Markets of Trajan

 

100 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

 

         -Had proto-flying buttresses which were used to hold up groin vaults

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Pantheon

 

-Closely inspired by the Parthenon

 

          -Says “Marcus Agrippa built this”; Hadrian built it and had that added to honor Marcus Agrippa

 

          -Three sections: porch, intermediary block directly behind porch, and the rotunda

 

          -Was used as an audience hall for Hadrian; no other recorded functions

 

          -To make sure the dome was supported, they used very heavy concrete around the base of the rotunda and used lighter concrete at the top. Used volcanic ash for the dome, since it was very light. Oculus also helps to hold up the dome; ring around the oculus forces the weight back down to the drum.

 

          -Interior of the rotunda is covered in stone from all over the Roman empire

 

-Has oculus and coffers

Term
Coffers
Definition
Recessed areas in the ceiling; allow the ceiling to appear taller; may lighten the load of the dome
Term
Oculus
Definition
Hole in the middle of the dome that forces the weight back down to the drum
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

 

175 AD

 

Roman Empire

 

 

-Only surviving bronze equestrian statue

 

          -Was originally thought to be Constantine

 

          -Idealized 

Term
Commodus
Definition
Marcus Aurelius’s son who he thought he was Herakles
Term

 

[image]

Definition

Portraits of the Four Tetrachs

 

305 AD

 

Architect: Porphry

 

Late Empire

 

-Represents the Tetrarchy as four identical men

Term

Diocletion and the Division of the Empire

Definition
-Diocletion thought the empire was too large for one man to handle, so he created the Tetrarchy
Term
Tetrarchy
Definition

Four men running the empire


      -2 Augusti that ruled the East and the West


      -2 Caesars; junior emperors that would take the place of the Augusti once they retired


      -Tetrarchy fell apart under Constantine

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Portrait of Constantine

 

315 AD

 

 Late Empire

 

          -Had large eyes to look spiritual

                   

Term

 

[image]

Definition

Arch of Constantine

 

315 AD

 

 

          -Next to the Colosseum/Arch of Titus


          -Three arches


          -Largest Triumphal arch ever made

 

-Three arches do not represent the Trinity; they were probably necessary to support such a big arch

 

-Has spoila. He used elements from monuments of Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. They were Rome's three greatest leaders and this honored them and showed that Constantine had dominion over the land they had once ruled.

 

 

Term
Edict of Milan
Definition

313 AD

 

Made Christianity legal in Rome. 

 

Constantine's religion is not known. He donated equally to all religions. He was baptised before death, but that may have been his sister's doing, since they were Christian.

 

To claim Christianity would have been political suicide.

Term
Spoila
Definition

Taking elements from monuments of previous leaders and adding them to a new monument

Term
Christian Abstraction
Definition
Was flatter and puppet-like;y face the viewer, not each other
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