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Islam Midterm
Key concepts and terms
55
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 3
02/12/2013

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Term
Rasul Allah
Definition
Messenger of God
Term
Persian Empire
Definition
Empire situated in present day Iran. During the time of Muhammad, predominately worshiped Zoroastrianism or "Fire Worship."
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
Eastern portion of the Roman Empire. Fell to Turkish invaders in the 1400s
Term
jahilyya
Definition
time of ignorance
Term
Kitab al-Asnam (Book of Idols)
Definition
Book written after Muhammad's death. Major source of pre-Islamic information about the Arabian peninsula
Term
shirk
Definition
the sin of idolatry or associating beings or things with Allah
Term
dhimmi
Definition
protective status offered to Christians, Jews, and Sabians. Established under Covenant of 'Umar
Term
Dome of the Rock
Definition
home to oldest Qur'anic verses. Place where Muhammad supposedly left Earth to visit heaven.
Term
Hanif
Definition
Purest for of monotheism. Practiced by Ibrahim
Term
Tawheed/Tawhid
Definition
The Oneness of God
Term
Dhikr
Definition
Devotional act involving the recitation of the names of God
Term
Jihad
Definition
The struggle
Term
Islam
Definition
Submission to God (Allah)
Term
"Seal of the Prophets"
Definition
The last prophet that God would send to reveal his truth to.
Term
Battle of Badr
Definition
key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish[2] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran.
Term
Battle of Uhud
Definition
2nd Battle between Muslims and Meccans in which Meccans sought to avenge the loss at Badr.
Term
Hamza
Definition
the paternal uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and his foster-brother. One of Muhammad's closest followers
Term
Abu Talib
Definition
An uncle of the Prophet Muhammad and his protector. He was leader of a clan in Mecca.
Term
Khadijah
Definition
Muhammad's first wife. Died in 619, which Muhammad describes as his "year of sorrow."
Term
Sirat Rasul Allah
Definition
Life of the Messenger of Allah. Term used for biographies of Muhammad.
Term
Covenant of 'Umar
Definition
A covenant established by the Caliph 'Umar which is the oldest known document to have established legal protections "dhimmi" for conquered religious minorities. Only applied to Christians, Jews, and Sabians.
Term
Constitution of Medina
Definition
Constitution forged by Muhammad between the citizens of Medina. Recognized the rights of Muslims, Jews, Christians, and Pagans.
Term
Bismillah
Definition
In the name of God, the gracious, the merciful. Starts nearly every Qur'anic sura.
Term
Adhan
Definition
The call to prayer. Called out in a mosque five times a day.
Term
Nabi
Definition
Prophet (lower than a Rasul)
Term
Rasul
Definition
Messenger (higher than a Nabi). Only Muhammad and sometimes Jesus
Term
Ahl al-Kitab (People of the Book)
Definition
Jews and Christians who worship the same God
Term
'Ali
Definition
Cousin and eventually son-in-law of the prophet. Shias regard him as the first imam, rightful Caliph and Muhammad's heir. He is considered the fourth Caliph and ascended his throne after the death of Uthman ibn Affan.
Term
Jibril
Definition
Angel Gabriel who spoke to Mary and revealed the first of the Qur'an to Muhammad
Term
Ibn Ishaq
Definition
Ibn Ishaq collected oral traditions that formed the basis of the most important biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Term
Taqwa
Definition
Righteousness. Consciousness about following God and remaining pure in God.
Term
Jinn
Definition
Demon-like spirits made of fire.
Term
Iblis
Definition
A satanic figure. The devil who was made of smokeless fire like all of the other djinn
Term
Qibla
Definition
the direction that one prays in Islam. Towards the Ka'ba in Mecca.
Term
Mihrab
Definition
The niche in a Mosque that points toward the qibla
Term
Wudu
Definition
the Islamic procedure for washing parts of the body using water, typically in preparation for formal prayers (salah)
Term
Ghusla
Definition
an Arabic term referring to the full body ritual washing ablution required, if the adult lose the state of body cleanness, in Islam for adults prior to ablutionfor various rituals and prayers. Ghusl is mandatory for any adult Muslim after having sexual intercourse, orgasmic discharge (e.g. semen), completion of the menstrual cycle, giving birth, and death by natural causes.
Term
Khutba
Definition
serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.
Term
Salam
Definition
The word for peace in Arabic. Used in As-Salam Alaykum (Peace of God be with you) and As-Salam (name for God)
Term
Satanic Verses episode
Definition
The Satanic Verses are a small number of apparently pagan verses that were alleged to have been temporarily included in the Qur'an by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, only to be later removed.
Term
Eid al-fitr
Definition
called Feast of Breaking the Fast, the Sugar Feast, the Sweet Festival[1] and the Lesser Eid, is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm
Term
Eid al-Adha
Definition
called Feast of the Sacrifice, the Major Festival,[1] the Greater Eid, Kurban Bayram and Bakrid,[2] is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide to honour the willingness of the prophet ʾIbrāhīm (Abraham) to sacrifice his young first-born son Ismā'īl (Ishmael)a as an act of submission to God's command and his son's acceptance to being sacrificed, before God intervened to provide Abraham with a Lamb to sacrifice instead.
Term
Tawaf
Definition
During the Hajj and Umrah, Muslims are to circumambulate the Kaaba (most sacred site in Islam) seven times
Term
5 Pillars
Definition
the shahada (Islamic creed) "There is no God but God and Muhammad is his messenger."
daily prayers (salah)
almsgiving (zakāt)
fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm)
the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.
Term
Quraysh
Definition
the dominant tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam
Term
Ka'ba
Definition
The holiest place in Islam.
Term
Caliph
Definition
is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. The word derives from the Arabic خليفة Khalīfah (help·info), which means "successor" or "representative".
Term
Al-Mahdi
Definition
was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 158 AH to 169 AH (775–785).[2] He succeeded his father, al-Mansur.
Term
Al-Dajjal
Definition
The false messiah, or anti-Christ figure who is said to appear at the end of days. Means "deceiving"
Term
570
Definition
Muhammad's birth
Term
610
Definition
Muhammad receives revelations
Term
622
Definition
Hijra
Term
630
Definition
Muhammad's conquest of Mecca
Term
Hijra
Definition
is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina between June 21st and July 2nd in 622 CE.[3]
Term
632
Definition
Muhammad's death
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