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IO Psychology Final
Ch 7-13
72
Psychology
Graduate
12/14/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Scientific Management
Definition
A mgmt philosophy concerned with increasing productivity that regarded workers as extensions of the machines they operated.
Term
Theory X/Theory Y
Definition
X - assumes that people are lazy and dislike work and therefore must be led & directed.
Y - assumes that people find satisfaction in their work and function best under a leader who allows them to participate in working toward both personal & organizational goals
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
Former, orderly & rational approach to organizing business enterprises
Term
Contingency Theory
Definition
A leadership theory in which a leader's effectiveness is determined by the interaction between the leader's personal characteristics and the characteristics of the leadership situation
Term
Path-goal theory
Definition
leadership theory that focuses on the kinds of behaviors leaders should exercise to allow their subordinates to achieve personal and organizational goals
Term
Leader-member exchange (aka LMX)
Definition
leadership theory that focuses on how the leader-follower relationship affects the leadership process
Term
Implicit leadership theory
Definition
leadership theory that describes a good leader in terms of one's past experiences with different types of leaders
Term
Authoritarian Leadership
Definition
leadership style in which a leader makes all decisions and tells followers what to do
Term
Democratic leadership
Definition
leadership style in which a leader and followers discuss problems and make decisions jointly
Term
transactional leadership
Definition
leadership style that focuses on the social interactions between leaders and followers, based on followers perceptions of and expectations about the leaders abilities
Term
charismatic leadership
Definition
leadership style characterized by a self-promoting personality, a high energy level, and a willingness to take risks. Charismatic leaders stimulate their followers to think independently.
Term
Pygmalion effect
Definition
self-fulfilling prophecy in which managers' expectations about the level of their employees' job performance can influence that performance
Term
Consideration leadership functions
Definition
leadership behaviors that involve awareness of and sensitivity to the feeling of subordinates
Term
Initiating structure leadership functions
Definition
leadership behaviors concerned with organizing, defining, and directing the work activities of subordinates
Term
Characteristics of successful leaders
Definition
Effective supervisors are:
person centered
supportive
democratic
flexible
coaches rather than directors
Term
self-managing work teams
Definition
Employee groups that allow the members of a work team to manage, control, and monitor all facets of their work, from recruiting, hiring, and training new employees to deciding when to take rest breaks
Term
Achievement motivation theory
Definition
theory of motivation that emphasizes the need to accomplish something, to do a good job, and to be the best
Term
Needs hierarchy theory
Definition
theory of motivation that explains work motivation and job satisfaction in terms of job tasks and workplace features
Term
Job enrichment
Definition
effort to expand the scope of a job to give employees a greater role in planning, performing, and evaluating their work
Term
Job-characteristics theory
Definition
theory of motivation that states that specific job characteristics lead to psychological conditions that increase motivation, performance, and satisfaction in employees who have a high growth need
Term
valence-instrumentality-expectancy (VIE)theory
Definition
theory of motivation that states that people make choices that are based on their perceived expectations that certain rewards will follow if they behave in a particular way
Term
Core job characteristics identified by Hackman & Oldham
Definition
Skill variety - the extent to which workers use various skills & abilities on the job
Task identity - unity of a job
Task significance - importance of a job to the lives & well-being of co-workers or consumers
Autonomy - amount of independence employees have in scheduling & organizing their work
Feedback - amount of information employees receive about the effectiveness & quality of their job performance
Term
Equity theory
Definition
theory of motivation that states that people's motivation on the job is influenced by their perception of how fairly they are treated
Term
goal-setting theory
Definition
theory of motivation based on the idea that a person's primary motivation on the job is defined in terms of the desire to achieve a particular goal.
Term
Job satisfaction
Definition
our positive and negative feelings and attitudes about our jobs
Term
Job congruence
Definition
match between a person's abilities and the requirements of a job
Term
Prosocial behavior
Definition
behaviors directed toward supervisors , co-workers, and clients that are helpful to an organization
Term
merit pay
Definition
wage system in which pay is based on level of performance
Term
wage-incentive system
Definition
primary pay system for production workers in which the more units produced, the higher is the wage
Term
total quality management (TQM)
Definition
participative mgmt programs characterized by increased employee involvement & responsibility
Term
quality-of-work-life (QWL) programs
Definition
organizational programs based on active employee participation in decision making and policy making
Term
organizational development (OD)
Definition
study & implementation of planned organizational changes
Term
change agents
Definition
organization development facilitators who work with business groups to implement change and develop group confidence & effectiveness
Term
socialization
Definition
adjustment process by which new employees learn their role in the organizational hierarchy, their company's values & the behaviors considered acceptable by their work group
Term
role ambiguity
Definition
situation that arises when job responsibilities are unstructured or poorly defined
Term
role conflict
Definition
situation that arises when there is a disparity between jobs demands and the employee's personal standards
Term
organizational culture
Definition
organization's pattern of beliefs, expectations, and values as manifested in company & industry practices
Term
person-organization fit
Definition
congruence between & employee's values and the organization's value
Term
social loafing
Definition
idea that people do not work as hard in a group as they do when working alone
Term
group cohesiveness
Definition
focus, closeness, and commonality of interests of a small work group
Term
environmental psychology
Definition
study of the effect of a workplace design on behavior and attitudes
Term
Nominal working hours
Definition
prescribed number of hours employees are supposed to spend on the job; not all of these hours are actually spent performing job tasks
Term
flextime
Definition
system of flexible working hours that combines core mandatory work periods at the beginning and end of the workday
Term
Job simplification
Definition
reduction of manufacturing jobs to the simplest components that can be mastered by unskilled or semi skilled workers
Term
Causes of accidents - Workplace Factors
Definition
Type of Industry
Hours of Work
Lighting
Temperature
Equipment design
Safety Devices
Work Pressure
Term
Cause of accidents - personal factors
Definition
alcohol & drug use
cognitive ability
health
fatigue
work experience
job involvement, empowerment, & autonomy
job insecurity
age
personality characteristics
Term
accident proneness
Definition
idea that some people have personality traits that predispose them to have accidents - theory is not supported by research
Term
employee assistance programs (EAPs)
Definition
counseling & rehabilitative services for various employee problems, notably alcohol & drug abuse
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
repetitive motion disorder that may involve numbness, tingling, or pain in fingers, hands or forearms.
Term
protective exclusion
Definition
practice of barring certain groups of employees such as women of childbearing age, from potentially hazardous jobs because of fear of lawsuits
Term
Stress
Definition
pysiological & psychological responses to excessive and usually unpleasant stimulation and to threatening events in the environment
Term
occupational health psychology
Definition
field of study dealing with the health effects of job stress & other aspects of employee well being
Term
hardiness
Definition
personality variable that may explain individual differences in vulnerability to stress. So-called hardy persons believe they can control the events in their lives and thus may be more resistant to stress.
Term
locus of control
Definition
one's belief about the source of one's rewards. People with an internal locus of control believe that things are dependent on their own behavior. Ppl with an external LOC believe such events depend on outside forces such as luck.
Term
organization-based self-esteem
Definition
personality dimension relation to our assessment of our adequacy and worth with regard to our place in the employing organization
Term
negative affectivity
Definition
personality dimension characterized by a generalized life and job dissatisfaction & by a focus on negative aspects of life events
Term
work overload
Definition
too much work to perform in the time available or work that is too difficult for the employee to perform
Term
work underload
Definition
work that is too simple or insufficiently challenging for a worker's abilities
Term
Burnout
Definition
condition of job stress that results from overwork
Term
workaholism
Definition
so-called addiction to work because of anxiety & insecurity or because of a genuine liking for the job
Term
job engagement
Definition
true enjoyment of work that characterizes people who score high in energy, involvement & efficacy.
Term
relaxation training
Definition
stress-reduction technique that concentrates on relaxing one part of the body after another
Term
biofeedback
Definition
stress-reduction technique that involves electronic monitoring of physiological processes so that people can learn to control muscle tension, blood pressure & brain waves
Term
engineering psychology
Definition
design of machines & equipment for human use & determination of the approproate human behaviors for the efficient operation of the machines. Also called human factors, human engineering & ergonomics
Term
time-and-motion study
Definition
early attempt to redesign work tools and to reshape the way workers performed routine, repetitive jobs
Term
person-machine system
Definition
system in which human and mechanical components operate together to accomplish a task
Term
human anthropometry
Definition
branch of engineering psych concerned with the measurement of the physical structure of the body
Term
quantitative visual displays
Definition
displays that present a precise numerical value, such as speed, altitude or temperature
Term
qualitative visual displays
Definition
displays that present range rather than a precise numerical value. Used to show whether components are operating in the safe or unsafe range.
Term
check reading visual displays
Definition
displays that tell the operator whether the system is on or off, safe or unsafe, or operating normally or abnormally
Term
auditory displays
Definition
alarms or warning signals in person - machine systems. Auditory displays can be more compelling than visual displays.
Term
shape coding
Definition
designing knobs for control panels in recognizably different shapes so that the can be identified by touch alone
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