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Introduction to research methods
Chapter 7 & 8 Experience carefully planned: Experimental research designs
25
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/10/2012

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Term
Manipulation
Definition
Occurs when an experimenter systematically alters the levels of a variable
Term
random assignment
Definition
Every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any specific condition of an experiment
Term
matching
Definition
matching each participant in an experimental condition with a very similar participant in a control condition
Term
procedural confounds
Definition
Occur when an experimenter unwittingly manipulates two or more things at once
Term
semantic priming
Definition
Refers to the finding that people recognize most words more quickly than usual when they have just been exposed to words that have a similar meaning
Term
noise
Definition
refers to extraneous variables that influence the dependent variable but are evenly distributed across experimental conditions
Term
mundane realism
Definition
studies that physically resemble the real world are high in mundane realism
Term
experimental realism
Definition
refers to the degree to which a research study is psychologically meaningful to research participants
Term
Manipulation check
Definition
A measure designed to see if a manipulation truly puts people in the psychologicall state that the experimenter whishes to create
Term
Quasi-experiment
Definition
Research designs in which researchers have only parial control over their independent variables
Term
Person-by-treatment quasi-experiments
Definition
Designs in which the researcher measures at least on independent variable and manipulates at least on other independent variable
Term
Prescreening
Definition
Measuring the individual-difference variable in a pretest
Term
Extreme groups
Definition
Groups of people taken from the upper and lower ends of the distribution of an individual-difference measure
Term
Median split
Definition
Labeling those above the medians "high" and those "below" the mdian as low
Term
Natural experiments
Definition
The experimenter does not use true random assignment at all and thus relinquishes experimental control completely
Term
ceteris paribus
Definition
all else being equal
Term
patching
Definition
Occurs when a researcher adds new conditions to a study to help establish the size of aquasi-experimental effect, to test for the influene of conceivable confounds, or both
Term
patched-up design
Definition
Occur when researchers continually add control groups to a quasi-experimental design
Term
One-group design
Definition
All participants are in one group
Term
one group, pretest-posttest design
Definition
A quasi exeperimental research design in which measures are taken from a single group of research participants both prior to and after the participants receive a natural manipulation. Because this design does not include a control group, it usually yields findings that are open to many alternative explanations.
Term
Posttest-only design with nonequivalent group
Definition
A quasi-experimental design in which a researcher compares two similar but nonidentical groups after one and only one of the groups experiences a treatment condition
Term
Pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent groups
Definition
A quasi-experimental research design in which data are collected from two presumably comparable groups of research participants both prior to and after one of the groups receives a natural manipulation. To the degree that one can safely assume that the two groups were truly similar prior to the time that they experienced different levels of the manipulation, this is a relatively strong quasi-experimental design
Term
Time-series designs
Definition
Researchers look at long runs of data to show equivalence prior to a quasi-manipulation
Term
Internal analysis
Definition
Psychologists break one or more groups into additional subgroups to test for subgroup differences that are consistent with the focal theory or with competing theories
Term
Name-letter effect
Definition
Refers to the finding that people like letters that occur in their own names quite a bit more than they like ltters that do not
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