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Introduction to Sociology
Basic Sociological Key Terms
92
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
07/29/2008

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Term
the sociological imagination
Definition
mills: the relation between ones own personal biography to the greater scheme of history
Term
trouble vs. issues
Definition
individual problems vs. societal problems
not making rent vs. poverty in general
Term
collective effervescence
Definition
when an individual loses his/her identity to the crowd (in a positive emotional way)
Term
religion
Definition
sociology examines the role of religion in and between societies
Term
manifest vs. latent
Definition
intended purpose vs. unintended purpose
Term
power
Definition
the ability of make others act in your best interest
Term
sacred vs. profane
Definition
very important objects vs. mundane objects
Term
similar characteristics of all religions according to Durkheim
Definition
totemic items, sacred gathering places, followers, bound by morals
Term
the stranger and the prostitute
Definition
both have functions in society
stranger: manifestation of all of societies insecurities as well as an entity to bring together all of society by outcasting the stranger

prostitute: to define immoral behavior
Term
the 1950's and functionalism remembering the past
Definition
ideal family lifestyle portrayed by the media; not "cracked up" to what it is defined as
Term
the protestant work ethic
Definition
based on the ideas of calvinistic predestination:
the reason why people are rich is because they are destined to be that way (social darwinism)
Term
hard work and asceticism in the creation of capitalism
Definition
must work hard to make money, but not spend it
Term
weber and the iron cage of rationalization
Definition
society is becoming increasingly ordered due to the growth of capitalism
Term
ritzer and the mcdonaldization of society
Definition
efficiency, calculability, predictability, control, are all demonstrated through capitalism today
Term
marx's problem with profit
Definition
the labor manually works to create the wealth for the wealthy, while they get very little
Term
use value and exchange value
Definition
actual use vs. worth
Term
the proletarian vs. the bourgeoisie
Definition
the working class vs. the ruling class
Term
weber and what makes the state different from everybody else
Definition
the state is the only entity that is able to use violence legally; they have a monopoly over force
Term
said: orientalism
Definition
the west thinks that they have a better understanding of the east than the east does
Term
noble savages and "Magical Black People"
Definition
wise, compassionate, untouched by society, peaceful, innocent and childlike

meant to show that white people "brought blacks out of their native ways" and into civilization (parent and child relationship)
Term
the mode of production pre and post capitalism
Definition
pre:individuals working separately on individual industries, agricultural
post: assembly lines, uniform
Term
base vs. superstructure
Definition
mode of production (capitalism) vs. common sense created by the base (capitalism)
Term
human labor in relation to money and machines
Definition
all relations are reduced to monetary relations; man is reduced to working like a machine
Term
commodity fetishism
Definition
desire and materialism
Term
alienation
Definition
workers are alienated form what they produce because they are unable to afford it
Term
marx and religion
Definition
religion is the opiate of the masses
Term
why the proletarian revolution is different
Definition
because it is the first revolution of the majority
Term
critiques of marxism
Definition
marx never predicted nationalism
the stupid masses
the fall of capitalism
new world order
workers of the world unite
Term
social structure
Definition
something society makes up, concepts interactions of individuals, values, ideas, measuring success systematically: communities, money, race, gender, media, education
Term
social competence
Definition
applying your sociological imagination through individuals and social structures
Term
socialization
Definition
process of becoming you; on going changes learned; conformity; control
Term
capitalism
Definition
competition with money, inequalities based on class
where money= respect, power, security, freedom, house, education, healthcare
Term
what marx says about capitalism
Definition
it is a social organization based on the exploitation of those who own capital/power

it is a worldwide system that determines laws, politics, culture, ideologies
Term
Nickel and dimmed
Definition
women and children face poverty more harshly than men
IQ has nothing to do with wealth
middle class is vanishing since 1982
Term
manufacturing dignity
Definition
the noble savagery of being poor
Term
labeling theory
Definition
once you are labeled as something you are unable to shake yourself from the label; a self-fulfilling prophecy
Term
discourse on race and poverty
Definition
"white trash" is different than just regular trash; what people aren't usually "trash:
Term
the seven lesson school teacher- gatto
Definition
Hidden cirriculum
-information is meaningless
-school is to learn to follow directions
-emotional dependence
-doesn't matter what you are learning, just that you learned
Term
pierre bourdieu: distinction between wanting to be like the rich and wanting to have money
Definition
to have class is different from being upper class
Term
report from the bahamas
Definition
Patricia Hill Collins: the matrix of domination--
thinking about how each part of one's identity relates to one another by race, sex, class
Term
achieved status vs. ascribed status
Definition
something you have done (an ability or completion) vs. a status that is uncontrollable (age, sex, race, etc.)
Term
identity
Definition
not fixed; fluid; your race, age, gender, will change in different time/places
Term
slavery in terms of angela davis
Definition
the black female slave is oppressed during the day time by her race, but is oppressed during the night time by her gender
-the difference between the male/female experience
Term
the family in terms of bell hooks
Definition
home is where men oppress women
Term
president must be 5 of the following 6 things
Definition
white, male, protestant, wife and kids, heterosexual or passing, wealthy
Term
indian boarding schools
Definition
introduction of protestant work ethic and capitalism
Term
credentialism
Definition
doesn't matter what you learned, but because you graduated and got diploma success is possible
Term
school is a socializing agent
Definition
where power becomes knowledge
Term
labeling theory in education
Definition
told that you are "special ed" or inferior then you will act inferior
Term
public schools as a site for political struggle
Definition
school integration (and re-segregation)
the pledge of allegiacen
multiculturalism
english only
evolution/ religious teachings
abstinence only education
Term
pedagogy of the oppresses- paulo freire
Definition
praxis- action
anti-banking approach
dialogu
Term
inequality between and within schools
Definition
funding and tracking
Term
imaging urban education in media
Definition
black/latino troubled youth; teacher that "saves" kids and inspires them
Term
haraway:teaddy bear patriarchy
Definition
in order to understand africa hall in natural history museum must understand the history of how it was made and what happened in that process

natural history has nothing to do with what actually happened, but how white men choose to perceive history
Term
white male patriarchy is about control over
Definition
other men (natives), nature/beasts, women
Term
how animals dioramas are presented
Definition
always in function of nuclear of human families; superior male, subservient females
Term
the model minority myth
Definition
asian americans are more intelligently superior, work harder, etc.

nawn chu: although seemingly complimentary, the myth
-creates unfair higher expectations that damage asian youth identity
-creates discrimination felt by asian groups

Beyond cultural essentialism:
its not that asians are smarter, but that it was the elite that immigrated to the US rather than refugees
Term
history is to the past as science fiction is to the future
Definition
history and science fictions both tell us more about our concerns with society today than the past of future
Term
intersectionality
Definition
social categories hang together to explain social phenomena
Term
"Why i love trash"
Definition
minorities are democratized and able to be "seen" in the public eye
shows grotesque and extremes of each group
lower class talking back
paradoxes of visibility
everyone is represented
Term
fabricating authenticity- richard peterson
Definition
creation of what authentic is by society
Term
postmodernism
Definition
a rejection of categories and notion of truth from the enlightenment
a rejection of the "center"
a deconstruction of narrative
a collapsing if time and sapce
Term
parody vs. pastiche
Definition
an acknowledgement of the past through humor vs. recreating the past without acknowledging that the present exists
Term
simulacra and simulation
Definition
simulations are beginning to feel real (judge judy)
hyperreality- signs/symbols are more real than the real version
Term
the male gaze-
Definition
the way you frame a picture is through the eyes of men
women bodies are objectified
Term
encoding/ decoding media
Definition
dominant- how meadia tells us to read into things
negotiated-1/2 media, 1/2 your own thoughts
oppositional-rejecting media
Term
art in the age of mechanical reproduction
Definition
art has been use for entertainment and to silence the public; if it is used as a pacifier then it can be used to fight back as well
Term
urbane (then and now)
Definition
then- well learned
new-inner cty
Term
gentrification
Definition
change in a neighborhood stemmed from white upper class moving into areas with poor people (blacks and latinos) due to
-up and coming neighborhood
-government
-diversity
Term
space vs. place
Definition
a physical area vs. an abstract location
Term
covert policing
Definition
zoning that controls where people are allowed to go without people realizing what is happening
Term
planet of slums
Definition
neo-urbanization
spreading of urbanization due to poverty instead of industry; state with withdrawing form responsibility for its citizens
Term
recycled life
Definition
people in guatemala live off of other peoples' trash; they are unable to afford anything else; lost trust in government;"retreat of the state", effects of globalization
Term
"Being sane in insane places"
Definition
who's to say who is sane and insane; labeling theory; staff uses writing to justify insanity; social construction
Term
"the prison industry complex"
Definition
when a town fails and goes under, prisons remedy the failure by created business in the town; quick fixes for economy, provide jobs, prison for profit, private prisons, benefits politicians, laws, corporations
Term
crime vs. deviance
Definition
state sanctioned morality vs. something seen as immoral, but not criminalized
Term
broken window theory
Definition
somebody breaks a window, but nobody fixes it
-if crime is continually ignored in a neighborhood, and the hood is continually neglected, then crime will continue to increase
Term
gangs as criminal organizations
Definition
gangs originated as social clubs(political cultural, activity)
culture and identity forces solidarity, groups were held responsible for individual crimes
Term
criminalization
Definition
process of labeling young people as criminal deviants; restores old stereotypes of what non-white deviants (lazy, violent, etc.)
labels used to control and explain individuals in the past
Term
injunctions
Definition
restraining order by city against gang; database used to determine defences
Term
the city
Definition
urban population outnumbers rural population
Term
globalization
Definition
when developed countries, use developing countries to their advantage because of free trade laws; make something in one country and sell it in another
Term
how suzie bayer's shirt...
Definition
people have learned to make capital on trash, cost even more in africa than in us, rich people not really giving charity, serving themselves
Term
neoliberalism
Definition
expansion through free trade; capitalism rules world; state retreated from helping the people to helping the large corporations allows nations to produce in one country and sold in another
Term
kicking away the ladder
Definition
climbing up the ladder, then kicking it down so no one else can climb up and be successful
Term
free trade zones
Definition
places not enforced by IMF which allow consumer good to cross boarders, but not people
Term
world cities- universal language
Definition
ny, tokyo, london; world decisions being made by these cities- universal language is english
Term
the case of the Philippines- "homebound"-emotional transnationalism
Definition
when people take their culture and "home", and bring it across the world with them
-ideas about home are inherited through family
home is a psychological place
Term
poverty is a threat to peace-yunus
Definition
poverty eliminates all human rights- genocides and wars are caused by poverty
-want to put poverty in a museum
-use gramian bank to eliminate poverty completely (micro loans)99% return rate
Term
culture in algerian rebellion
Definition
social norms can change drastically
the veil turn from religious symbol to symbol of oppression and suffering
Term
fourth world war
Definition
people fighting against neo-liberalism
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