The heartland-Industrial/ Wealthy

The South-Agricultural

The Center-West-Plain land

The North-Agrarian Elites

The Northeast-Oldest and poorest area

Rio De Jainero-South

Manauas- North

Brazilia-Center East

Amerindians

Portugeuese

African-Brazilians

Japanese

Assorted Other Europeans

1808-1824

Centralization of Portugeuese Empire under Joao VI

Fiat lead by Son Pedro I

1824-1889

British Economic influence is very essential

Slavery is abolished in 1888

The Fazenderos Conspiracy and Revolt of Slave Owners

1889-1930

Decentralized

Sau Paulo is the new economic center because of the lose of slaves

Other Important cities: Minas Gerias, Rio du Sul

President had been rotating between cities

Vargas revolt in 1930 to keep power

There is a response in the Sao Paulo in 1932

1937-1945

Facist and Populist tendencies

Vargas encourages foreign investment

At first Military is supportive, but WWII is disastrious

Military overthrows Vargas in 1945

1946-1964

A new constitution that is modeled on US, but also careful not to upset the argarian landowners in the North

UND-Military, Pro-US, South Eastern land owners and middle class support base

PSD- Government Workers Party

PTB- General Workers Parties

Regional governments still have local parties

Vargas Returns

1951

We wins are a PTB canidate

Military and Middle Class and UDN elites don't like him

Anti-US

Military controls him with mediating power until he commits suicide

PSD Candidate Juscelino Kubitscheck wins

He build Brasilia to avoid offending the Elites in NE

UDN Candidate Janio Quadros wins the election

He is the former governor of Sao Paulo

Resigns after one year

Joao Goulart of the PT party

Pro-Vargas, Anti-Military

The Military tries to switch to parlimentary system

Goulart assumes full power in 1962 and tries to decrease power of military and elites

Tries to build support with NE peasants, PTB labor, urban poor, nationalism

The US chooses to support military

Feminist Movement supports coup

Humberto Castelo Branco is put in charge by military

Removes opponets from office

Themes of Brazilian Political Culture

Important Philosophers: Thomas Aquinese, Rousseau

Patrimonalism

Civil Society in response to authoritarian

The largest number of Catholics in the world

Little electoral importance

"Liberation theology"

State is central to society

Culture weight of favelas- from military structure to interest articulation

The contrasting forces of machismo and marianismo

Greater access to education and occupation

Authoritatianism lead to the avent of womens rights

The idea the racial segration does not exist because it is not standardized

the Movimento Negro Unificado

First Affirmative Action policies are put in place by Lula

Effected by many factors including race, gender and the mass media (TV is in every home and time is set a side for political campaigns, Teleonovas)

1970: associations begin to spread

Political Participation

Tactics of Association Groups:

International allies, direct confrontation, use of the courts, role of NGOs

Other Types of Participation:

voting, particpatory budgeting

1964-1989

Three Phase Approach:

1. 1964 "soft" demobilization unde rBranco

2. 1966 Controlled two-party system (ARENA and PMDB)

3. 1979 More open two party system

Emilio Garratazu Medici

Nationalism and Economic Growth

Ernesto Geisel

Economuc growth slows

Military is pressured to resign control (catholic church, industrial poiwer, favelas, women, land-owners)

Split between NE and Sau Paulo

José Sarney les ARENA during the regime

Godfather of the Northeast

Two rounds of voting

Some regions have advantages

Savador- first capital is now a center of afrodescent culture

Rio- second capital is still a cultural center

Bella Honziente- cattle, mining and gold city

Brasilia- current seat of the government

Sau Paulo- industrial center

Lula (PT) versus Fernando Collor (GLOBO)

Lula wins

Church: The Conference of Brazilian Bishops articulate the interests of church including "Liberation theology"

Military: Makes to create development, security and supermacy, now takes a more traditional role

Unions: labors

Agrarian Arena: landed elites Movement of Landless Rural Workers

Private Sector: Mulitnational corporations

Frente Negra Brazilia-demoblized by Vargas

Tetro Experimental do Negro- Carnival

Glberto Freye shows that racial myth

In reality, different rights and pay

Brazilian Government

Established in 1988

Three levels of government: Federal, Regional and Local

Centralization strong with a robust federalism

Head of governent and state

4 year term

Direct election

Powers: Veto, initste legislation, set up agenda

Coalitions are essential

Bicarmal: Chamber of Deputies and Senate

Over-representation of the NE

Supreme court, superior court, appeals courts, labor courts, electoral courts, miltary courts, state courts

Appoitments: competitive system, supreme court justices appointed by president

Roles: limit governmental authority, judical review, try president for wrong-doing

Federal Districts and States

elected governors

unicameral state legislatures

21.5% of total revenue

Counties

Elected Prefects and vice mayors

local councils

22.5% revenue

Transfer of power

Economic growth

Success in terms of international mobility

Highly unequal distribution of wealth remains a challenge to the legitmacy of current regime

1791

Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy

Napoleon

Bourbons and House of Orleans

1848-1852

Started by the Paris Revolution of 1848

Universal Male Suffrage

Napoleon III

Franco-Prussian War

1871

Democratic

Created During WWII

Resisted by Degaul

1946-1958

Degaulle is made the dictstor of the French Assembly

24 governments in 12 years

Family

Associations

Education and Schools (Grandes Ecoles)

Media (State Ownership endes 1981)

Grandes Ecoles

Ecole Nationale D'Administration and Ecole Polytechnique

Grand Corps

Low Representation of women

Hard for outsiders to petnetrate

Government structures

of the Fourth Republic

Parlimentary System

Narrow government coalitions

International tensions a big problem: war in Algeria, Indochine

Can appeal to people in two ways: submit legislation to electorate, dissolve parliament

(Chirac-1997, Mitterrand-1981)

Has emergency powers

Direct election

Chooses Prime Minister, Chairs of council of Ministers, Removes minister who have lost confidence

Responsible for Foreign Affairs and Defense policy

Day to Day opperations(administration, legislation, budjet, inter-ministeral meetings)

Cohabition

Two Houses: National Assembly, Senate

Blocked vote, ordinances, government proposes legislation, pledge responsibility=limited power

The power of censure

1971: established the right to judical review

1974: increases the the power of the constitutional council

Can consider legislation before it is promulagated

Almost 1/3 are submitted yearly

Unitary

100 departments, 22 regions

Used to be ruled by prefects, but since 1986 they have had elected assemblies

1986 decentralization legislation- transfered powers to elected assemblies

The big cities now have more influence

Chirac (RPR) versus Jospin (Socialist)

Round One: absolute majority or 12.5% to advance to the next round

Round Two: pluarality wins

Coalitions

Generally emerge from groups that began inside of the legislature

Slow and irregular industrialization hampered strong working-class party

 Right

Gaullists

Voters: rightists, older and wealthier voters

Beliefs: conservative but also extremely nationalist

Leaders: de Gaulle, Chriac, Pompidou

Center Right

Voters: moderations

Successes in 1997 and 1998

Far right

Voters: workers, extremists, youths

Issues: immigration, reversing liberal social idea

Leaders: Jean-Marie Le Pen

Left

Issues: emphasis on culture and public works

Leaders: Mitterrand

Voters: industrial north, southern wine-growers, civil servants, teachers, fixed income

1990- party had "worn out"

1992-socialist voters abandoned the government in the Maastrich referenum

Socialist voters are blamed for economic problems

2002- massive lose of seats in the assembly

Far left

Major force until 1970

Declines in 1990

Experience: Secretary General of RPR

Economic proposals: 1. full employment 2. higher wages for increased work time 3. reduction of the social contributions 4. Increased skill

Education:1. Equal oppurtunity to education 2. Evaluation fo teachers 3. Automny to schools 4. Allow parents to choose schools 5. chooses of sports and cultural activities

Immigration: 1. adjust rates 2. Eliminate concern with country of origin 3. Preferences to stable families 4. To attract the best students 5. Develop the use of biometric technologies

2005: immigrant riots

Le Pen, Sarkozy and Villipin crack down on immigration

Chriac is less directly critical

Round One: Sarkozy, Royal

Second Round: Sarkozy

Sarkozy versus Socialists

(DSK, Hollande, Aubry)

Welfare: education, social security, income security

Evaluation-uneven ability to distribute well, rural and urban areas of poverty, unemployment very high

French Colonialism

Algeria Independence- Pied Noir v. Harkis

North African Immigration: Banlieue

High extraction capability: central, locl, and Social Security Association

Regressive and Progressive taxation

VAT-accounts for many of the taxes collected

Much higher extraction than the US

Happened in a wave after WWII

Banking

Energy

Transportation

1983 a new effort, but slowed by 1987

French Air Force, Army, Navy, Force de Frappe

Current Minister of Defense: Hervee Morin

An attempt is made to regain control of the colonies

(Indochina, Vietnam War, Algeria)

Creates issues with US

(De Gaulle withdraws from NATO's command structure_

Socialist and Gaullist have different ideas

Socialist- downplay national security, national assembly elections in 1997 prevented Chiracs attempts to revamp military

Current Concerns: lost of world power, failures in the Gulf War

Solutions: rejoins NATOs command structure, accepts help from US

Continued Problems: Still not great in Afghanistan and Libya

Industrial: has reduced in the past years but is still much more than the US

Expaned: gurantee rights, environmental controls, restrictions on immigration

-French culture/civilization still a source of pride

-Cleavage of French Revolution

-Ethinic consciousness growing

-Historic minorites (Bretons, Celts)

-Muslim immigrants and religious appearances

Success as a welfare state is limited-unemplyment, elites dominates, Paris dominates, poor distribution

-Concentration of Wealth

-Distribution of taxes-indirect taxes unfair for poor

-High spending on welfare

-immigration

-lose of sovereignty to EEU