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Intro to Sociology
Key Terms
79
Sociology
Undergraduate 3
12/18/2013

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Term
Education
Definition
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific are developed.
Term
Functional Illiteracy
Definition
the inability to read and write well enough to be a functioning member of society.
Term
Innumeracy
Definition
having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society.
Term
Human Capitol
Definition
people who can deliberately invest in knowledge and skills, that help make them more productive and bankable
Term
Hidden Curriculum
Definition
the non academic and less overt socialization functions in schooling
Term
Social Capitol
Definition
the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
Term
Tracking
Definition
a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans.
Term
Pygmalion Effect
Definition
(Self-fulfilling prophecy) students responding by meeting their teachers expectations
Term
Credentialism
Definition
an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job. (Ex: college degree)
Term
Cultural Capital
Definition
symbolic and international resources that people use to their advantage in various situations.
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes.
Term
Resource Dilution Model
Definition
hypothesis stating that parental resources are infinite and that each additional child dilutes them.
Term
Vouchers
Definition
coupons administered by the government that may be redeemed at any school, public or private.
Term
Affirmative Action
Definition
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups withing the population typically women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities.
Term
Social Class or Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Definition
an individuals position in a stratified social order.
Term
Capitalsim
Definition
an economic system in which resources are privately owned, and prices, and production, and the distribution of goods are determined by competition.
Term
Fuedalism
Definition
pre capitalist economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs.
Term
Lord
Definition
one who owned the land
Term
Serf
Definition
peasant who worked the land
Term
Agriculture Revolution
Definition
the period around 1700 marked by the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production.
Term
Monetization
Definition
establishment of a loyal currency
Term
Corporation
Definition
a legal entity unto itself that has a legal person hood distinct from that of its members, namely, its owners and shareholders
Term
Alienation
Definition
the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the products of his/her own labor.
Term
Socialism
Definition
an economic system in which most or all the needs of population are met through non-market methods of distribution.
Term
Communism
Definition
a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are tied not to productivity but to need.
Term
Family Wage
Definition
a wage paid to the male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children
Term
Service Sector
Definition
the selection of the economy that involves providing intangible services.
Term
Globalization
Definition
multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social exchanges and interdependencies
Term
Champagne Glass Distribution
Definition
the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape.
Term
Juristic Person
Definition
the corporation is legally an individual because it has all the formalized rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person
Term
Monopoly
Definition
when one seller of a good or service dominates the market to the exclusion of others, potentially leading to zero competition.
Term
Oligopoly
Definition
the condition when a handful of firms effectively control a particular market.
Term
Offshoring
Definition
a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs.
Term
Union Busting
Definition
a company's assault on its workers union with the hope of dissolving it.
Term
Politics
Definition
power relations among people or other social actors.
Term
Authority
Definition
the justifiable right to exercise power
Term
Charismatic Authority
Definition
authority that rests in the personal appeal on an individual leader
Term
Traditional Authority
Definition
authority based on the appeals to the past or traditions.
Term
Legal-Rational Authority
Definition
a system of authority based on legal, impersonal rules, the rules rule.
Term
Routinization
Definition
the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the casue, the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making.
Term
Bureacracy
Definition
a legal rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy.
Term
Specialization
Definition
the process of making work consist of specific delimited task.
Term
Taylorism
Definition
the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the process of mass production in which each worker repeatably performs one specific task.
Term
Meritocracy
Definition
a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement, a society that assigns social status, power, and economic rewards on achievement, not ascribed, personal attributes or favorism.
Term
Power
Definition
the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance
Term
Domination
Definition
the probability that a command wit specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people.
Term
State
Definition
defined by Weber, "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
Term
Paradox of Authority
Definition
although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority.
Term
International State System
Definition
a system in which each state is recognized as territory sovereign by fellow states.
Term
Welfare State
Definition
a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens.
Term
Citizenship Rights
Definition
the rights guaranteed to each law abiding citizen in a nation.
Term
Civil Rights
Definition
the rights guaranteeing a citizens personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely.
Term
Political Rights
Definition
the rights guaranteeing a citizens ability to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office.
Term
Social Rights
Definition
the rights guaranteeing a citizens protection by the state.
Term
Soft Power
Definition
power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of cohesive action (hard power)
Term
Democracy
Definition
a system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people, citizens are allowed to vote in the elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life.
Term
Dictatorship
Definition
a form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual.
Term
Collective Action Problem
Definition
the difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off.
Term
Political Party
Definition
an organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by hacking candidates for office who subscribe to the organizations political ideas.
Term
Interest Group
Definition
an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without direct election of appointment to office
Term
Political Participation
Definition
activity that has the intent of effect of influencing government action.
Term
Crowd Collective Action
Definition
you must be face to face with the other members of your group.
Term
Mass Collective Action
Definition
letter writing campaign, people write letters, but they live in different towns and cities
Term
Convergence Theory
Definition
states that collective actions happens when people with the similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.
Term
Contagion Theory
Definition
claims that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact.
Term
Emergent Norm Theory
Definition
theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynotes in promoting particular norms.
Term
Social Movement
Definition
collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized.
Term
Alternative Social Movement
Definition
social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people.
Term
Redemptive Social Movements
Definition
social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change in behavior
Term
Reformative Social Movements
Definition
social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society.
Term
Revolutionary Social Movements
Definition
social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society.
Term
Classical Model
Definition
model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals.
Term
Resource Mobilization Theory
Definition
model of social movements that emphasize political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources.
Term
Political Process Model
Definition
model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the succession of a social movement led by this challenger.
Term
Emergence
Definition
the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified.
Term
Coalescence
Definition
the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (that is, concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage.
Term
Institutionalization
Definition
the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause, the clear, rule governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making.
Term
Social Movement Organization (SMO)
Definition
a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement, SMO's aslo often raise money, clarify goals, ans structure participation in the movement.
Term
Grassroots Organization
Definition
a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community based participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures.
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