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Intro to Cardiac
Cardiac Structures and Terms
32
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
09/20/2014

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Term
Endocardium
Definition
thin inner layer
Term
Myocardium
Definition
middle muscle layer
Term
Epicardium
Definition
fibrous outer layer
Term
Pericardium (Pericardial Sac)
Definition
Fibroserous sac
surrounds the heart
pericardial fluid (10-30 ml)
Cushions the heart and prevents friction as the heart contracts
Term
Septum
Definition
separates the heart into right and left
Term
Atrium (Upper chambers)
Definition
myocardium is thinner than the ventricles
Term
Ventricles (Lower chambers)
Definition
Myocardium is thicker than the atria
left myocardium is thicker than that of the right
The chambers of the heart are separated by valves
Term
Cardiac valves
Definition
Keeps blood moving forward through the heart
Separates the atrium from the ventricle
Held in place by "Chordae Tendinae"
Chordae are anchored to the "Papillary Muscles" of the ventricles.
Term
Tricuspid valve
Definition
separates the atrium from the ventricles on the "right side"
Term
Mitral valve
Definition
separates the atrium from the ventricles on the "left side"
Term
Pulmonic valve
Definition
separates ventricles from systemic system on the "right side"

Also known as the "Semilunar valves"
Term
Aortic valve
Definition
separates ventricles from systemic system on the "left side"

Also known as the "Semilunar valves"
Term
Right side of the heart
Definition
Deoxygenated blood
enters by the superior and inferior vena cava
passes through atrium into the ventricles
flows into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
Term
left side of the heart
Definition
oxygenated blood from the lungs
flow into the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
enters left ventricle
blood flows into the aorta and to the body
Term
Systole
Definition
contraction of heart chambers
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation of heart chambers
Term
Right coronary artery (RCA)
Definition
feeds right atrium,right ventricle, & a portion of the left ventricle

feeds the AV node and Bundle of HIS
Term
Left coronary artery (LCA)
Definition
Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
Left Circumflex Artery (LCA)
Feeds left atrium,left ventricle,interventricular septum & a portion of the right ventricle
Term
RCA & LCA
Definition
two main coronary arteries
both arise from the aorta & empty via the coronary sinus
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Innervates the SA node, AV node and ventricles
Acceleration properties mediated by epinephrine and nonrepinephrine
Increases automaticity,contractility, conduction, velocity through the AV node and chronotropy (rate)
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Deceleration properties mediated by the vagus nerve
causes impulses to move slower
Decreases automaticity,contractility, conduction, velocity through the AV node and chronotropy (rate)
Increases filling time in diastole
Term
Cardiac Conduction System
Definition
Responsible for creating and transporting and electrical impulse (action potential)

passes through each individual cardiac muscle fiber

initiates depolarization (contraction)

Impulse is initiated by the SA node "Pacemaker" of the heart

Impulse travels to the AV node it acts as a "Junction" and temporarily holds the impulse
The impulse moves down to the Bundle of HIS into the right and left bundle branches

ends at the purkinje fibers that initiate ventricular depolarization
Term
Automaticity
Definition
the ability of cardiac cells to initiate an impulse spontaneously and repetively
Term
Contractility
Definition
the ability of cardiac myofibrils to shorten in length in response to an electrical action potential (depolarization)
Term
Conductivity
Definition
The ability of cardiac cells to transmit and action potential along cell membranes in an organized manner
Term
Excitability
Definition
the ability of a cell or tissue to respond to a stimulus and depolarize (contract)
Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
Definition
the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle in one minute measured in Liters/minute

normal 4-6 L/min

Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate (CO= SV X HR)
Term
Cardiac Reserve
Definition
The ability of the heart to respond to increased metabolic demands
Term
Preload
Definition
A function of blood volume presented to the ventricle and its compliance at the end of diastole
Term
Afterload
Definition
the resistance against which the heart must pump to eject blood into the circulation.
Term
Subjective
Definition
PMH, Family History
Common symptoms
edema
syncope
palpitations
fatigue
dyspnea
chest pain
Term
Objective
Definition
vital signs
heart sounds
lungs & thorax
neck
extremites
skin
capillary refill
level of consciousness
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