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Definition
| Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations that can interact with people on a regular basis. Crime is a calculated, rational decision. If positives outweigh negatives, crime will be committed |
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| Small groups characterized by intimate face to face interactions; they play a role in our socialization |
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| Formal, impersonal groups in which there is little social interaction |
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| a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
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Definition
| part of a formal organization that uses rules and ordered ranking to achieve efficiency |
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| Difference between In and Out Groups |
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Definition
In Groups: You think are a part of them
Out Groups: Groups you don't belong to |
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Term
| Weber's 5 Characteristics of Bureaucracy |
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Definition
Division of Labor- Each person works on a specific task
Hierarchy of Authority- Each person is supervised
Written Rules and Regulations-Each employee knows standards for adequate performance
Impersonality- officials are supposed to perform duties, treating everyone equal.
Employment Based on Technical Qualifications- hired most qualified people for the job |
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| Durkheim's Division of Labor |
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Definition
| In a society without much division of labor, group solidarity is emphasized (you rely on other people) |
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| Everyone performs the same task, not much individuality, we rely on millions of people to live |
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| basically society is like a living organism, different people work on a different task but we work together to make it all work |
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| small community in which people have similar backgrounds, everyone knows each other, social interactions are very intimate, there is a sense of togetherness, rural |
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| urban living, big cities, most people are strangers who have little in common, self image dominates, social control will be gone |
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Definition
| Deviance- When you violate any norms. Crime just covers the most serious norm. (When you violate the Law norm) All crime is deviance, but not all deviance is crime. |
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| When everyone agrees that something is bad, then it becomes a law. Conflict is when the people in power decide what becomes a law. |
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| Crimes that have several parts. No one really follows the rules. The cops don’t enforce these. No stigma attached to it. Ex: Speeding |
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Term
| At what ages does most crime occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does most crime occur? |
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Definition
| When people have no work to keep them busy. (Summer or weekends) |
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Term
As temperature rises, crime ______
At what temperature does crime begin to decrease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Demonic Perspective- Two ways to succumb to sin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Classical Perspective: People tend to maximize pleasure and avoid pain |
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Definition
| Fear of punishment prevents people from committing crime |
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Definition
| Punish one criminal so bad, it will drive others away from committing crime. |
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Definition
Celerity- Speed. If you commit a crime, you will be punished now, not years down the road. This is why the death penalty isn’t a good deterrent
Certainty- likelihood that you will be punished/caught.
Severity |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking a property of another by force, or the threat of force. |
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| Armed Robbery v. Strong Armed Robbery |
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Definition
Armed- Armed with a weapon
Strong Armed- Using you feet and your fists. With strong armed, you get more injuries due to more resistance. Inexperienced robbers tend to go with strong armed |
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Term
| 8 Principles of Differential Association |
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Definition
1. Criminal Behavior is Learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
4. Criminal Techniques are learned
5. Perceptions of the legal codes influence motives and drives
6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning |
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Term
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Definition
| The unlawful entering of a structure to commit a felony or a theft |
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Definition
| Unlawful taking of property from the possession of the other |
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| Justification which protects the individual from self blame and makes norms and social control ineffective. (They don’t blame themselves nad justify breaking a law) |
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Definition
| 1. Victim is under 12 or over 65. 2. Used force. 3. Offender was armed. 4. 2 or more offenders. |
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Term
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Definition
Success- everyone has the same goal to be successful (wealth, power, prestige, etc.)
Means- Contacts, Money, Power, etc.
Anomie- A weakened attachment to a set of norms. Once you get to Anomie, the norms are the norms of society’s norms .If you feel strained long enough, you will just say “forget society’s norms” and turn to crime.
Means Deficiency- When you don’t have the means to become successful, you have a means deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs when you accept both the goals of society and the means. |
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Definition
| Accept the goals of society, but you don’t accept the means. Most closely related to criminal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reject society’s goals (don’t think its important to have a nice house, good job etc.) but you follow the rules anyways. Least likely to engage in criminal behavior since they are all about following the rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reject both the goals and the means of society. They live in society, but they are not necessary a part of ito. Ex: Psychotics, drug addicts, homeless…etc. Can’t follow the rules, can’t make it as criminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substitute your own goals and means for society |
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Term
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Definition
| Have to meet one of the following criteria: Kill a fireman or a police officer, kill more than one person, If the victim is 12 or below/65 or older, if the homicide is drug related, or you were paid to kill |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended to kill someone, but you didn’t meet any of the first degree criteria or you had no specific intent to kill, but you did so during a felony or cruelty to a juvenile. |
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Definition
| Would be first or 2nd degree murder, but it was done in the heat of passion/provocation. Big example: A man walking in on his wife cheating on him. You aren’t thinking clearly and aren’t rational. |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone dies due to negligence. Ex: A Lifeguard doesn’t do anything to save anyone. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Victim insults the offender (Your mom…”)
2. Verification through a 3rd party (“Did he just say that?”
3. Cease and desist order (Stop, walk away)
4. Victim Escalates
5. Murder occurs |
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Term
| 4 type of bonds that stop us from committing crime |
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Definition
Attachment- you care about what your friends or family thinks so you don’t commit crime.
Commitment- Time, energy, and effort that we put into conventional behaviors. After so much devotion , you don’t want to commit crime and make all of that worth nothing.
Involvement- heavily involved in social activities (school, recreational, etc.) If you spend most of your time doing legal activities, then you don’t have time to commit crime.
Belief- Morals, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Money without work, sex without courtship, Revenge without court delays. It is all about “Now” |
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Term
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Definition
| unlawful attack on a person for the purpose of afflicting severe bodily injury. Difference between homicide and aggravated assualt: The type of weapon used and how fast medical care got there. Mostly type of weapon. |
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Definition
No difference between regular theft, except that it is a car
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Definition
intentional burning of a structure. About 70,000 arsons per year. 40% are committed by juvenilles. Arson leads to about 300 deaths.
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Term
| Social Disorganization Theory |
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Definition
Their Question- Why does crime continuously happen in the same neighborhoods?
Population Heterogeneity- differences in the population. Hard for them to control what was going on there.
Population Turnover- When people don’t stay for very long, Don’t become very attached to their neighborhood.
Low SES- Lower class. High rates of poverty, make it even more difficult to control their neighborhood. |
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Definition
| When you have a high amount of visual disorder, it invites criminals in |
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Definition
| a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society. |
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Term
| Difference between Income and Wealth |
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Definition
Income- How much money you make
Wealth- All of your personal assets |
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Term
| 4 Types of Stratification |
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Definition
Slavery- lowest form
Castes- Usually Religious and fixed
Estates- Think Feudalism
Social Classes-You can use your achieved characteristics to change your social class |
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Term
| Which Class is the highest percentage |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands. The main goal is to maximize profit |
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Term
| Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat |
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Definition
| Upper class v. Lower Class |
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Term
| Weber's 3 Determining Factors of Stratification |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anyone with power. Status quo benefits those with power the most, so they will try and control those. |
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Term
| Intergenerational vs. Intragenerational Social Mobility |
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Definition
Intergenerational- Are you doing better than your parents
Intragenerational- Are you doing better than you once did
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Term
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Definition
| opulation that develops distinctive physical characteristics that are hereditary. |
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Definition
| Ethnicity subsets of races. Based primarily on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. |
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Term
| 5 Characteristics of a Minority Group |
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Definition
| Unequal Treatment, Share Physical or Cultural Traits, Ascribed Status, A sense of solidarity, In-Group Marriage. |
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Term
| Biological v. Social Definitions of Race |
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Definition
Biological: Based on skin color to determine/define race. However, there are many different skin colors. Based on a region you are part of that race.
Social: Race is completely socially defined. Society determines what races are and what race you are.
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Definition
| When cultural groups blend with the majority group |
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Definition
| When minorities maintain their unique culture, but also blend in perfectly to the cultural majority |
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Definition
| Racism keeps minorities in low paying jobs which allows business owners to exploit them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more contact that you have between races and ethnicities, the less racism you will have due to people learning that stereotypes are incorrect. |
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Term
| The Declining Significance of Race |
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Definition
| Book. Basic argument, in the past everything has been about race, Now it isn’t about race, but social class. People in the lower class, regardless of race, bear the burden of inequality. |
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Term
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Definition
| All these good jobs start moving to the suburbs. Other things go with them. The poor people are in the inner cities, but the jobs they can get are in the suburbs. |
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Definition
| When the middle class leaves, and The poor people that can’t get out become worse and everything turns to shit. |
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Definition
| Concentrated poverty- everyone living in a certain neighborhood is poor. High concentrations of poverty. |
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Term
| As technology ______, Society ___________ |
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Definition
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Definition
| Can't meet basic needs to survive |
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Definition
| If they took into account where you live. Comparing to the people around you. |
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