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Intro to Research Methods-Final
Saponjic Final
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/16/2011

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Term
determinism
Definition
based on the idea that the universe is orderly
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
seeing a connection when there really isn't.
ex: skinner's superstitious conditioning.
Term
empiricism
Definition
gathering information from observations "straight from the horses mouth"
Term
parsimony
Definition
simplicity
Term
testability
Definition
confirm/disconfirm ideas
Term
operational definition
Definition
defined by how something is measured
Term
theory
Definition
general statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Term
law
Definition
universal statement about how nature predicts future events
Term
good theories...
Definition
generate testable hypotheses
Term
boundary conditions
Definition
times when rules do not apply
Term
equifinality
Definition
human behavior usually has multiple determinants
Term
positive test bias
Definition
tendency to confirm rather than disconfirm hypotheses
Term
behavioral confirmation
Definition
search for information that confirms preconceptions
Term
validation
Definition
gather evidence that confirms hypothesis
Term
falsification
Definition
gather evidence to disconfirm hypothesis
Term
qualification
Definition
identify boundary conditions
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
develop hypothesis from specific to general through experience, observation, or serendipity
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
generate hypothesis from general to specific using analogies and accounting for conflicting results
Term
nominal scales
Definition
events are assigned to categories with no particular order
Ex: Male/Female; Yes/No; marital status
Term
ordinal scales
Definition
order objects, behaviors but without quantified differences
EX: G-PG-PG13-R; * ** *** ****
Term
interval scales
Definition
meaningful differences between categories, equal increments but no true zero
EX: Temp C or F
Term
ratio scales
Definition
true zero, generates the most useful data
EX: family income; weight; age
Term
observed score=
Definition
true score + measurement error
Term
threats to validity
Definition
1. people are different
2. people change
3. studying people changes people
Term
threats to internal validity
Definition
regression toward the mean, heterogeneous attrition, history and maturation, participant reaction (expectancies, demand characteristics) participant reactance, evaluation apprehension
Term
threats to external validity
Definition
selection bias, non response bias, homogeneous attrition
Term
total variance=
Definition
systematic variance + error variance
Term
systematic variance
Definition
treatment variance and confound variance
Term
treatment variance
Definition
variability based on treatment. want to increase probability that x caused y
Term
confound variance
Definition
systematic differences caused naturally or artificially. want to minimize or eliminate
Term
effect size
Definition
measure variables relationship to responses. range: 0.00- 1.00
sm: 0.1
med: 0.6
lrg: 0.??
Term
simple random sample
Definition
choose out of whole population (sampling frame) and choose subjects randomly
Term
stratified random sample
Definition
divide population into groups with shared characteristics, called stratum
Term
cluster sampling
Definition
divide population into clusters, schools, counties, geographic areas etc
Term
convenience sampling
Definition
choose subjects that are easily accessable
Term
quota sampling
Definition
choose subjects according to quota
EX: 10 M, 10 F
Term
purposive sampling
Definition
judgement on type of participant
EX: obese, tattoos, blonde hair etc.
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
(r) measurement of the strength of the relationship between two variables -1.0 to 1.0
Term
coefficient of determination
Definition
r^2 X 100 = %
sm: 0.01
med: 0.09
lrg: 0.25
ACTIVITY explains % variability in SUBJECT, % of variability is not explained by ACTIVITY
Term
things that affect significance of (r)
Definition
1. sample size
2. confidence level 0.05/0.01
3. strength of correlation
Term
things that affect strength of (r)
Definition
1. restricted range
2. outliers (inline/offline)
3. reliability of measures
Term
partial correlation
Definition
correlation between two variables with the influence of one or more statistically removed
EX: can conclude that stress has a strong influence on BLANK because the correlation dropped dramatically after stress was removed.
Term
t-test
Definition
examines the difference between group means
Term
null hypothesis
Definition
mean1=mean2
the independent variable had NO EFFECT
Term
alternate hypothesis
Definition
mean 1 does not equal mean 2
independent variable had an effect
Term
type 1 error
Definition
determined that IV had effect with the difference between the means was actually due to error variance
Term
type II error
Definition
determined that IV did not have an effect when actually it did because of unreliable measurement techniques, mistakes in data collection and recording or the sample was too small
Term
things necessary for a well designed experiment
Definition
1. must vary at least one independent variable
2. assign subject to conditions
3. control extraneous variables
Term
qualitative differences
Definition
categorical changes
EX: gender, grade level, hair color etc.
Term
quantitative differences
Definition
differences in numbers
EX: time spent exercising, sleeping, studying etc.
Term
Environmental level
Definition
change the physical environment of the subjects
EX: temp of room, outside/inside
Term
Instructional level
Definition
give the subjects different verbal instructions
Term
Invasive level
Definition
create physical changes in the body of the subjects
EX: pills, heart rate etc.
Term
matched random assignment
Definition
pretest subjects to increase similarity in groups
Term
between group designs
Definition
subjects participate in only one level
Term
within subject designs
Definition
subjects participate in all levels, no random assignment
Term
Error variance
Definition
individual differences, transient states, environment, differential treatment
Term
factorial design
Definition
two or more independent variables are manipulated
Term
main effect
Definition
effects of the independent variable on the subjects behavior
Term
interactions
Definition
present if the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of another independent variable. *only present in factorial designs
Term
six commandments of being a good experimenter
Definition
1. be suave-professionalism
2. be nice, polite and friendly
3. be educated
4. be honest
5. be a good liar
6. be attentive
Term
ex post facto
Definition
the experiment is conducted after the groups are already formed
pro: practical, new perspective on research
con: no cause effect, no manipulation of IV, no random assignment
Term
quasi-experiment design
Definition
use pre-test/post-test to measure frequency of the event increased or decreased behavior
* time serieis: measure the DV multiple times in the pre-test and post-test
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