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Intro to Psychology
basic concepts of psychology
81
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/13/2007

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Term
Pschycology
Definition
Originates from Philosophy and Biology
Term
Dualism
Definition
idea that we have a seperate spiritual mind interacting with our body
Term
Monoism
Definition
mind and body of the same substance
Term
Nature
Definition
genetics, heredity shape behavior
Term
Nurture
Definition
environmental effects shape behaviors
Term
Determinism
Definition
everything and every behavior has a cause
Term
John Locke
Definition
Empiricism, nothing in the brain that didn't enter through the senses or experiment
Term
Empiricism
Definition
everything is learned through experiences, method of gaining knowledge through experience and experiment
Term
Nativism
Definition
born with inherant traits
Term
Liebetz
Definition
Nativist, intelect itself is inherant
Term
Kant
Definition
start with a prior knowledge
Term
Gall
Definition
different areas of the brain responsible for different functions, downfall was phrenology
Term
Phrenology
Definition
idea that you can analize the scalp and realate to brain functions
Term
Meuller
Definition
law of specific nerve energy
Term
Helmholz
Definition
everything can be explained through physics and chemistry
Term
Broca and Wernicke
Definition
damage to specific brain areas result in specific language defects
Term
Fritsch and Hitzig
Definition
applying current to the brain results in muscle movement
Term
Darwin "The Origin of Species"
Definition
humans are related both biologically and psychologically to other animals
Term
Wundt
Definition
First psychologist, examined conciousness through introspection, broke down conciousness into parts
Term
James
Definition
functionalist, wrote first textbook on psychology, influenced by Darwin
Term
Functionalism
Definition
study of the usefulness of conciousness and utility of behavior
Term
Watson
Definition
behaviorist, focused on behavior, environment responsible for shaping who you are, influenced by Pavlov
Term
Skinner
Definition
behaviorist
Term
Freud
Definition
psychoanalytic psychology, interrested with personality
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
everything is percieved as a whole, the whole os greater than all its parts
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition
humans unique in potential for self inprovement
Term
Neurosciences
Definition
study of the brain
Term
Science
Definition
scientific knowledge is based on scientific method, experimental method
Term
Scientific Truth
Definition
concluded from probabilistic resoning, scintific method is self correcting
Term
Scientific Curiosity About Behavior
Definition
based on observation, intuition, training
Term
Experimental Method
Definition
Curiosity or question, generate hypothesis, design experiment, conduct experiments, analize results, validate experiment, publish results
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
prediction about outcome of experiment
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
define in terms of how you plan to measure, makes theoretical questions empirical
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
manipulated to determine affect an dependant variable
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
aspect allowed to freely vary to see if affected by changes in the dependent variable
Term
Within Subjects
Definition
all manipulations take place to all subjects, response is measured both before and after exposue to independent variable
Term
Between Subjects
Definition
participants split where one group acts as a control and others experience different variable combinations
Term
Confounding Variables
Definition
unknown variables that might have an effect on the outcome of the experiment
Term
Null Hypothesis
Definition
assumption that no differences exist between groups, accepted or rejected using statisics
Term
Validating Experiment
Definition
peer review by scientists, results published if concensus thinks it should be, scienc is a conservative human enterprise
Term
Publishing Results
Definition
allows other scientists to generate new experiments, allows others to replicate experiments and extend original findings
Term
Quasi Experiment
Definition
experiments in which groups can not be randomly assigned, ex: comparing different groups in the population (extasy)
Term
Non-Experimental Methods
Definition
Surveys, Case Study, Standardized Tests, Functional Relationships, Coorelation Research
Term
Surveys
Definition
assessing groups of individuals, sample population
Term
Case Study
Definition
in depth study of one individual
Term
Standardized Tests
Definition
assesses individual differences, results often produce a normal distribution
Term
Functional Relationships
Definition
relationships between changes in independent variables and changes in dependent variables
Term
Coorelational Relationships
Definition
finding relationships between two variables; +1 perfectly possitive coorelation, -1 perfectly negetive coorelation, 0 no coorelation; coorelation doesn't apply causation
Term
Reliability
Definition
extent to which repeated tests will generate a similar result; test-retest, alternate-form, split-half
Term
Ethical Issues
Definition
Internation Review Board reviews research to consider issues like: does research consider welfare of subject, justifyable, privacy ensured, informed of outcome, can subject give informed consent
Term
Minnesota Study
Definition
twins study split at birth
Term
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Definition
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Term
Adaptation
Definition
characteristic improving fit to environment increasing survival
Term
Gene
Definition
basic unit of heredity
Term
Genotype
Definition
genetic construction of an individual
Term
Phenotype
Definition
physical expression of features in an organism resulting from interactions between genotype and environment
Term
Mutation
Definition
permanent random errors occuring during DNA replication, typically harmful
Term
Lamarkian Evolution
Definition
theory that genetics changes can occur in population through inheritance of characteristics aquired during a lifetime
Term
Learning
Definition
changes in behavior resulting from experience
Term
Species-typical Behavior
Definition
adaptive, interaction genetics with environment, human facial expressions
Term
Ethology
Definition
study of species typical behaviors
Term
Appetative Behaviors
Definition
preliminary behaviors that proceed and lead to cunsummatory behaviors
Term
Consumatory Behaviors
Definition
innate survival behaviors such as copulating and eating
Term
Lorenz
Definition
studied geese following
Term
Imprinting
Definition
rapid development of a response to a specific stimulus at a particular stage of development
Term
Fixed Action Pattern
Definition
programmed sequence of behaviors triggered by a particular stimuli
Term
Imaging Techniques
Definition
FMRI, ERP, PET scans
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain; recieves inputs, instinctive patterns of movement, reflexes, vital for biological functions: breathing heartbeat
Term
The Human Cortex
Definition
% of brain devoted to functions is higher in humans than other animals; motor, sensory, and association areas
Term
Phinious Gauge
Definition
damaged frontal lobe (railroad spike)
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
planning motor movements(towards front), inhibition(ugly baby), role numerous cognative tasks
Term
Temporal Lobes
Definition
Limbic system in part, drives and emotional areas, language areas; *Broca and Wernicke's areas(left temporal)*, Aphasia, memory areas(middle), Hippocampus(amnesia)
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
sight, memory and comprehension of visual materials
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Thalmus and Somatosensory Cortex, Homunculus, more nerves in body area equals larger brain representation
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
responsible for: coordinate motor activity, memory of motor activity, development of conditioned assotiations
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres
Definition
Left-language, and right connected
Term
Dichotic Listening Test
Definition
present words through headphones to left and right ears simultaneously, most report right ear, indicates that left side of brain processes language
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
set of fibers connecting the two hemispheres, Epileptic activity can travel across the corpus callosum testing ball in hand
Term
Modern Synthesis
Definition
merging of Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection with the science of genetics
Term
Artificial Selection
Definition
the deliberate selection of desired characteristics in plants and animals
Term
Selective Pressure
Definition
any feature of an environment that allows one phenotype to have reproductive advantage over another
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