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form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds 
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are the electrons contained in the outermost, or valence, electron shell of an atom. 
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is a small particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is often found as a subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. |
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| an elementary subatomic particle that carries a negative electrical charge. |
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A positively charged hydrogen that occurs from the loss of its sole electron. |
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| The tendency of an atom to pull bonding electons towards itself. |
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| A covalent bond between atoms of different electronegativities. |
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A representation of bonds and atoms in which the vailence electrons are represented as dots. 
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Nonbonding electrons/ Lone-pair electrons |
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| Electrons not used in bonding. |
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A positive or negative charge assigned to an atom. Formal charge=number of vailence electrons-(number of lone-pair electrons + 1/2 the # of bonding electrons) |
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The two bonding electrons are drawn as lines and the lone-pair electrons are usually left out entirely. 
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